1. Using your textbook write an identification for the following (make sure to include what it is, how it work, where it is was, and what effects it had on Native people – if any):
Indentured Servitude
Spanish adaptation of the Inca mit’a system
Encomendia system

2. Same thing – Create an IDENTIFICATION
new types of racial and ethnic classifications in the New World
Creole
Mestizo
Mulatto 

3. Africa in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Thanks to:
Mr. Millhouse
Hebron High School

4. Volume of the Slave Trade
15th century minimal – to Atlantic island plantations (off the coast of Africa)
16th century – small numbers to New World
17th c. increase to 16,000 per year
18th c. most of trade, 7 million slaves, 80% of all trade over all years
19th c. slows down, under attack, still exports to Cuba & Brazil (1.7 million)

5. African Slave Trade

6. African Slavery Slavery was common in African society
Where?
The Kongo, Ghana, Benin, etc.
All land was owned by the state
Owning slaves was a way to gain wealth
Slaves were used for servants, concubines, and field workers
Arrival of Europeans provided new opportunities for expansion of slavery

7. Slavery & African Politics
Competition between rival kingdoms led to endless wars
Kingdoms trade slaves for guns
Wars led to political centralization
Slave trade shifts balance of power
From Sudanic Africa to the Gold Coast, the Kongo, and Angola

8. The Asanti: A Sample Kingdom
Asanti is on the Gold Coast
Modern day Ghana
Began as twenty small states
Matrilineal clan lineage
Most prominent clan was the Okoyo
Access to firearms allowed the Okoyo to centralize their authority after 1650 CE

10. The Kongo Centralized kingdom Converted to Christianity
Attempted to abolish the slave trade (fail)
Portugal monopolized trade with the Kongo
Cowries, slaves, Asian luxuries
Loango, capital city of the Kongo

12. Cape Colony
Dutch East India Co. establish a colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
Provision ships headed to Asia
Large fertile lands were great for farming
Used slave labor
Slaves brought from Indonesia and other parts of Asia
Eventually enslave the natives
Dutch settlers, called Boers, move to Cape Colony in search of land
17, 000 settlers, 26,ooo slaves, and 14,ooo natives by 1800

13. East Africa & the Arrival of Europe
Swahili city-states continued traditional commerce in the Indian Ocean
Portuguese settlers on the coast used slave soldiers to expand their territories
Established plantations growing Asian spices using African slaves
Some African states copied European plantation system
Zanzibar had 100,000 slaves by 1860

14. Fall of Songhai brought period of violent Islamization
Sudanic Africa
Fall of Songhai brought period of violent Islamization
Islamic elites vs. animistic natives
Violence helped supply slaves to coastal regions

15. So what does this all mean?
Slavery results in a TON of demographic changes for Africa!
Huge loss of population
Particularly the young (15-40)
Some of the new world crops such as corn and cassava root helped to offset some of these population problems.
The Columbian Exchange