1. Essential Questions:
What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th & 16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?
How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?
What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in America?

2. America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

4. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

5. The Old World Explores The New World

6. Europe in the Middle Ages
Why was it often called the Dark Ages?
Limited Exchange of Ideas
Curiosity and New Learning De-emphasized
Superstition Predominated
Travel Limited
When did this change?
The Crusades

7. Crusades 11th-14th Centuries Created an appetite for:
Silk
Perfumes
Drapery
Spices
A need to trade directly with Asia

8. Europe in the Middle Ages
What effect did the Crusades have on Europe?
Interest in the products of the Middle East
and the Far East
Cheaper ways of getting these products
TRANSPORTATION: Water vs. Land
What products?
Gold/Silver/Jewels
Silk
Spices

9. Portugal Leads the Way
Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Caravels

10. Portuguese creep along the coast of Africa…
Slavery
Bartholomeu Dias (1488)
Vasco da Gama (1498)

11. Spain: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
Expelled “Moors” from Spain…
Competed with Portuguese … began to look westward

12. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

13. The Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain versus Portugal

14. Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur?
What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch?
Materialism, personal wealth
Glory, personal fame
Religion, conversion of the “heathens”
Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation
Scientific Curiosity

15. The Columbian Exchange

16. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
New Products
Especially Cutting tools, metal
Loss of Land
Loss of Liberty
Diminishing of Culture
Language
Customs
Religion

17. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
Diminishing of Numbers
Extinction
Example - Taino
90% death rate
War
Disease
Small Pox
Whooping Cough
Measles
Chicken Pox, etc.

18. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Money
Three times the gold and silver in Europe
Inflation
More money in more hands …
… More People wanting more goods …
… More People making more goods …
… Industrial Revolution

19. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Food
Corn
Tomatoes
Peppers
Chocolate
Pineapples
Sweet Potatoes
Potatoes ***
Health, Nutrition
Economic

20. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Medicine
Vitamins
Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry
Cocaine and derivatives
Muscle relaxants for Lockjaw and Muscle spasms
Curare
Expectorants for cold remedies
Guafenisen
Poison treatment
Ipecac
Malaria
“Fever Bark” - Quinine
Analgesics
Aspirin

21. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Recreation
Lacrosse
Tobacco
Chocolate
Government
Iroquois Confederacy
“Federalism” in the US Constitution

22. The Spanish Colonies in America

23. 04/06/98
A World Transformed
Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

24. Spanish Conquests & Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

25. From Plunder to Settlement
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From Plunder to Settlement
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World
Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos
Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles
The Spanish government operated strict control over the colonies
Whites from Spain
Whites born in America 17 18 18 18

26. Spanish Empire
Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain to become the most powerful empire in the world during the 16th Century
“We came here to serve God and King… and to get rich”
Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions also allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer the Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the explorers)
The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an incredible advantage in combat
Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows
Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and goats (foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest

27. Spanish-American Culture
The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system
Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat
Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire
Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

28. The Spread of Catholicism
Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in the wake of the conquistadors’ victories
The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic religion was in turn imposed upon the people
The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of God upon the pagans and justified the actions of the god-fearing Spanish
A few missionaries would become the only advocates that the Natives had among the Europeans
Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies
Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomé de Las Casas

29. Spanish Exploration of the US
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade
Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida
Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US
Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US
St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida
Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today
Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US
By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory

30. The Horse
The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US
Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population
Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

31. The French Colonies in America

32. The French Claim Canada
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The French Claim Canada
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
The French government strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement
Because the fur trade was the basis of the colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain) 18 19 19 19

33. Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions