1. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Astronomy Notes Part 1
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2. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
An astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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3. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
A Solar Family
A light year is the distance traveled in one years time.
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4. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Rotation is the spin of an object in space.
Revolution is the motion of a body as it travels around another body in space.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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5. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The earth travels around the sun in a path called an orbit.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 1
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6. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISDA.
Parts of the Sun: B. C.
The corona forms the outer atmosphere.
The chromosphere is the thin region below the corona.
The photosphere is what we know as the visible surface of the sun. D. E. F.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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7. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The convective zone is where gas circulates.
The radiative zone is a dense region where atoms are packed tightly.
The core is where energy is produced.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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8. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The sun gets it’s energy from nuclear fusion. This is a process by which 2 or more low mass nuclei join together to form a massive nucleus.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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9. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Solar activity is when thermal energy moves from the sun’s interior by the circulation of gases in the convection zone causing gas in the photosphere to boil and churn.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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Cite :

10. Types of Solar Activity:
Sun spots are formed when magnetic
fields slow down in the convective zone
causing areas on the sun to become
cooler.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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Cite:

11. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Solar flares are giant storms on the sun’s
surface that send huge streams of electrically
charged particles into the solar system.
Solar flares cause light shows in the sky called auroras.
Click to see a picture of
auroras.
Chapter 20 Section 1
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12. The Eight Planets + One Planetoid
Chapter 20 Section 2
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13. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
In 1610, Galileo
Galilei realized that
planets are not just
points of light – they
are spherical bodies
like the Earth.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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14. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The solar system is divided into two main parts:
Inner planets and the outer planets.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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15. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The inner planets are called terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky like the Earth .
The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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16. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The outer planets are much larger and are made mostly of gasses thus are called Gas Giants.
The gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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17. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Some planets rotate clockwise (retrograde rotation) while others rotate counterclockwise (prograde rotation).
The planets that have a retrograde rotation are Venus, Uranus, and Pluto.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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18. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mercury is the closest planet
to the sun.
A day = 59 Earth days
(because of slow rotation)
A year = 88 Earth days
Mercury has the biggest range in surface
temperatures.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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19. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Venus is more like Earth
than any other planet.
One way it differs,
however, is that Venus
has a retrograde
rotation.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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20. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
The only planet that is known to support life is Earth.
Earth is warm enough to keep water from freezing and cool enough to keep it from boiling.
Liquid water is a vital resource for life on Earth.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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21. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Chapter 20 Section 2
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Cite:

22. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun. There is strong evidence that water once existed here.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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23. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Mars has the
largest mountain in the solar system. The name of the mountain is Olympus Mons and it is an extinct shield volcano.
Citehttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/olympus_mons.jpg:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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24. Mar's surface Picture taken by the Viking lander
Chapter 20 Section 2
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Cite:

25. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Jupiter is the largest gas giant.
Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it receives from the sun.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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26. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Saturn is the second largest planet.
Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Saturn has the largest rings, which are made of icy particles.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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27. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Uranus is a small gas giant. It may have been tipped over on its side when it was hit by a massive object.
It has a blue-green color due to methane.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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28. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Neptune has a great dark spot. It’s atmosphere contains belts of visible clouds.
Chapter 20 Section 2
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29. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Pluto is the farthest planetoid from the sun.
It is covered by frozen nitrogen and
it’s moon is more than half its size.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 2
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30. Astronomy Notes Part II Moons and Other Bodies
Chapter 20 Section 3
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31. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Our moon’s name is Luna. It is about
4.6 billion years old and has numerous impact craters.
The dark areas or lava plains on the moon are called marias.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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32. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around a larger body.
Moons are natural bodies that revolve around a larger body.
Chapter 20 Section 3
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33. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Asteroids are small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun = stony or metallic
Many asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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34. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Ceres is the largest known asteroid.
Cites:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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35. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Meteoroids are like asteroids but smaller.
Meteorites are meteoroids that hit the ground.
Meteors are the bright streaks of light in the sky.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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36. Moons and Other Bodies Three Types of Meteorites:
Stony made of rock material.
Metallic made of iron and nickel.
Stony-iron made of rocky material with
iron and nickel.
Open you textbook to page 561 to look
some pictures of these types of meteorites.
Chapter 20 Section 3
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37. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Comets are small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust.
Comets are also known as “snowy dirtballs”.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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38. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Parts of a Comet:
Nucleus is the solid center.
Ion tail is made of electrically charged particles.
Dust tail is dust debris due to the sun’s radiation.
Chapter 20 Section 3
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39. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Comets orbit is elongated.
The tail always blows away from the sun due to solar winds.
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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40. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Moons and Other Bodies
Animation of a Comet
Cite:
Chapter 20 Section 3
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41. Space Exploration Astronomy Notes Part III
Chapter 21 Section 1
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42. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
A rocket is a vehicle or device that contains all the substances needed to burn fuel, and uses escaping gas from the burning of fuel to move.
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 1
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43. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (kahn stan teen tsee uhl hahv skee) believed that rockets were the key to space exploration.
He is known as the “Father of Rocket Theory”
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 1
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44. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Robert Goddard is considered the “Father of modern rocketry”.
He tested numerous rockets between 1915 and 1930.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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Cite:

45. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
History: During WWII Germany made V-2 rocket to use as a bomb. Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket but he wasn’t happy that it was used as bomb.
At the end of WWII, Wernher von Braun and his team surrendered to the USA.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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46. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
V-2 Rocket
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 1
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47. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
At the end of WWII, the cold war (arms race) began with the Soviet Union.
NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration formed as a result to the alarm Americans felt over Soviet advances in space.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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48. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Saturn V
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 1
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Click for information on
the Saturn V.

49. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
The Saturn V, developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun, was the largest in a family of liquid-propellant rockets that solved the problem of getting to the Moon. In all, 32 Saturns were launched; not one failed.
The Saturn V was flight-tested twice without a crew. The first manned Saturn V sent the Apollo 8 astronauts into orbit around the Moon in December After two more missions to test the lunar landing vehicle, in July 1969 a Saturn V launched the crew of Apollo 11 to the first manned landing on the Moon.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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50. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
How does a rocket work? Rockets use Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction.
Turn to page 574 in your textbook to read about how rockets work.
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 1
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51. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Rockets must reach orbital velocity in order to orbit the Earth. The lowest speed is 8km/s. Speeds less then this are suborbital.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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52. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Escape velocity is the speed and direction a rocket must move in order to completely break away from the planet’s gravitational pull. This speed is 11km/s.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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53. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Escape Velocity is about 11km.s.
Suborbital less than 8km/s.
Orbital Velocity
about 8km/s.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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54. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Space Exploration
Rockets need more than just fuel to propel them into space. They also need oxygen.
Rockets that go into space must carry oxygen with them to burn their fuel.
Chapter 21 Section 1
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55. Living and Working in Space Astronomy Notes Part IV
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 4
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56. Living and Working in Space
Yuri Gagarin first Soviet cosmonaut to orbit the Earth on April 12,1961.
Allan Shepard first American in space on May 5, 1961.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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57. Living and Working in Space
John F. Kennedy’s Speech to send Americans into space.
Because the Soviets were first in space, they appeared to be winning the Cold War. President John F. Kennedy made a speech on May 25, 1961 that challenged Americans to go to the moon.
Click on the following website to read part of Kennedy’s speech:
Chapter 21 Section 4
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58. Living and Working in Space
The Apollo missions were set into motion to get America to the moon.
Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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Cite:

59. Living and Working in Space
Kennedy’s challenge was met on July 20, The Apollo 11 landing module landed on the moon. “The Eagle has landed”.
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 4
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60. Living and Working in Space
The space shuttle is a reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane.
First launched in April 12, 1981.
Tragedy struck twice- January 28, 1986 and February 1, 2003.
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 4
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61. Living and Working in Space
On April 19, 1971 Soviets became the first to place a manned space station in space.
A space station is a long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or research carried out.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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62. Living and Working in Space
Skylab was America’s first space station. Skylab began to decay in 1979 and fell to the Earth.
In 1986, Soviets began building the Mir which many countries visited.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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63. Living and Working in Space
Cite:
Cite:
1979 end of Skylab.
March 20, 2001 end of Mir.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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64. Living and Working in Space
In 1993, Russia , the U.S. and many other countries began building the ISS or the International Space Station.
International Space Station.
The purpose of the ISS is to conduct experiments, test new technology and promote cooperation.
Chapter 21 Section 4
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65. Living and Working in Space
ISS
Cite:
Chapter 21 Section 4
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66. Gravity: A Force of Attraction Astronomy Notes Part VI
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67. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Gravity
Property of NASA
Is the force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
Gravity can effect the position of an object or the direction of an object.
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68. All Matter is Affected by Gravity
Because all matter has mass.
Gravitational force pulls objects toward each other.
Earth’s gravitational force is large thus you must apply force to overcome its gravity.
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69. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
Earth’s Gravity
Earth’s Gravity is different around the world.
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70. The Law of Universal Gravitation
Unbalanced forces are needed to move objects.
There is a relationship between gravitation force, mass, and distance.
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71. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
****The Law States
1. Gravitational force increases as mass increases.
2. Gravitational force decreases as distance increases
Distance is large
Moon has less gravity
Mass small
Sun has a huge gravitational pull
Mass large
Moon has more gravity
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72. Weight is a Measure of Gravitational Force
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.
100 grams = 1N
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73. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD
What is the difference???
Mass
Amount of matter in an object – doesn’t change
Weight
Changes when gravitational force changes
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