1. CHAPTER 2
By Jesserose Mireles, Kaitlin Wykoff, Taylor Barratt, and Hanna Thompson

2. What is Overpopulation?
Overpopulation is when the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. This happens when the CBR is larger than the CDR.

3. What are the major populations clusters of the world?
There are four. East Asia contains ⅕ of the world’s population, South Asia contains ⅕ of the world’s population, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe that has 1/9 of the world’s population. The clusters are represented by cartograms, which are maps that enlarge or decrease the size of the country on the map where the higher populations are located.

4. What are the major population clusters of the United States?
A huge cluster is in the Northeastern United States which extends along the Atlantic coast from Boston to Virginia. Others are also found in the South and West United States.

5. What is agricultural, physiological, and population density?
Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. Agricultural density measure helps account for economic differences.
Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land. For example, the physiological density in the U.S. is 156 persons per square kilometer of arable land.
Population (Arithmetic) population is the total number of people divided by the total land area. Geographers rely on population density to compare conditions in different countries.

6. What is NIR? How is it calculated
The NIR is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. It is calculated by subtracting CBR from CDR. After first converting the 2 measures from numbers per 1,000 to a percentage. The world natural increase rate of the 21st century is 1.3.

7. What land is suited for agriculture called?
Land suited for agriculture is called arable land. Depending on the population, more or less arable land is used. The amount of arable land is decreasing as the population grows.

8. What are IMR, CBR, CDR, TFR?
IMR- is the annual number of deaths of infants under the age of 1, compared with total live births. Infant mortality rate is usually expressed as the number of deaths among infants per one thousand births.
TFR- the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. To compute the total fertility rate, scientists must assume that a woman reaching a particular age in the future will be just as likely to have a child as a woman of that age today.
CBR- the total number of births in a year for every 1,000 people alive. A crude birth rate of 30 means that for every 1,000 people in a country, 30 babies are born over a one year period.
CDR- the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive. A crude birth rate of 49 means that for every 1,000 people in a country, 49 people die over a one year period.

9. What did Malthus argue?
Thomas Malthus, an English economist, was the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies. According to Malthus, the growth rates would produce exponentially, while the food supply would increase arithmetically.

10. What is ecumene?
Ecumene is the part of the Earth occupied by permanent human settlement. This tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much is left for us to build on. Over the years, the ecumene of the world has increased. An example is Northern Russia, most of their land is permanently settled.

11. Why are women having fewer children in the U. S
Why are women having fewer children in the U.S. now versus 50 years ago?
Women today have a more active role in society, whereas 50 years ago, a woman's role was restricted to staying at home; cleaning and taking care of children.