1. FRQ Directions Items You Need:
Piece of paper
Pen (NOT a pencil)
You will have 20 minutes to complete 3 FRQs
During the AP COGO exam, you have a suggested time of 30 minutes for 5 of these questions.

2. 3 FRQs
Define referendum. Describe one referendum that took place in Great Britain in the last twenty years. Describe one political consequence of the referendum result.
Statement X: The rate of population growth has decreased in Iran since the 1990s.
Statement Y: Developing countries should adopt population growth policies similar to Iran’s.
Identify the empirical statement above. Identify the normative statement above. Explain the difference between a normative and an empirical statement.
Briefly compare the United States judicial system to the United Kingdom judicial system.

3. Russia’s Political Economy

4. Market Reform Market reform Four main pillars Oligarchs
Reducing role of the state in managing the economy and increasing role of market forces
Four main pillars
Lifting price controls
Encouraging private business
Privatizing state-owned enterprises
Opening economy to international influence
Oligarchs
Small group with ownership and control of important sectors of economy during privatization
Soviet period – land, industry, etc. belongs to the state
Insider privatization: state-owned to private-owned businesses with majority of control in hands of employees/managers
Quick turn-around for privatization – around 80% of businesses by 1994
Problem in agriculture – going back from the large collectivization to privatized companies that operated inefficiently
Weakness of early post-Soviet states became a major issue; couldn’t tax to make infrastructure or regulate literally anything  led to corruption
Oligarchs: wealthy; benefit from privatization; wield political influence; eventually leads to a rising crime rate  Russian mafia handles some things
Putin’s reforms in 2000: legislative changes; 13% flat income tax; limited power of the economic oligarchs (i.e. Khodorkovksy)

5. Society and Economy (of the Soviet Period)
Remarkable achievements
Rapid industrialization
Free healthcare
Low-cost access to essentials
Maternity leave
Child benefits
Disability pensions
Mass education
Shortages and low- quality services
Limited medical equipment
Scarce goods and services
Housing shortages
Nearly a universal literate society
Received social benefits through workplace
Soviet experience led to the expectation of social welfare.

6. Society and Economy Steady decline in population until 2009
Positive influx of immigrants – mainly from other Soviet Republics
Life expectancy during 2016 – 65 for males and 77 for females; still lower than most Western societies
High mortality rates due to stress in social and economic dislocation and unnatural causes of death
Policies to encourage a rising birthrate
Higher child support payments
Monetary and other benefits for women having two or more children

7. Environmental Issues High air and water pollution
Chernobyl nuclear accident (located in what is now Ukraine)
Reliance on resource-extraction industries
Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology
EU goal to gain Russian ratification for the Kyoto Protocol

8. Russia in Global Economy
Ruble responded to market conditions.
Firms made foreign agreements.
World Bank, IMF, EU provided economic assistance.
August 1998 – economic crisis
Russia defaulted on their loans.

9. Russia in Global Economy
Admitted to World Trade Organization in 2012
High trade with China, Germany, the Netherlands, and the European Union
Without change in industrial capacity, Russia will continue to be vulnerable to shifts in world energy prices and changes in supply and demand.
Overall, ability to stay in global economy will depend on domestic economic challenges and a change in country’s export base.

10. Question 1 Which is NOT a major pillar of Yeltsin’s market reform?
Lifting price controls
Encouraging private business
Increase in educational reform for working class
Privatizing state-owned enterprises
Opening economy to international influence

11. Question 2 What is Russia’s largest percentage of exports?
Energy and fuel
Chemical and rubber
Machinery and Equipment
Foodstuffs and textiles
Metals and precious stones

12. Question 3
The following benefits occurred during the Soviet period EXCEPT…
Rapid industrialization
Free healthcare
Increase in exports to non-Soviet states
Nearly universal literate society
Maternity leave

13. Questions 4 and 5 (very short answer)
How has the Russian government encouraged a rising birthrate?
Create your own question related to Making of the Modern State or Political Economy for Russia.