1. Transcription and Translation
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2. Standard(s):
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.
Learning objectives:
Students will compare and contrast the processes of transcription and translation.
Students will model how transcription and translation lead to the expression of genes.
The teacher will introduce the standard and learning objectives.

3. DNA RNA transcription translation Amino acid Protein Codon/ anticodon
This a list of key words needed to develop understanding of transcription and translation.
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4. How are proteins made according to the code in DNA?
Guiding question:
How are proteins made according to the code in DNA?
Guiding question: How are proteins made according to the code in DNA? It is used to anchor the lesson for teachers to guide students understanding of the transcription and translation processes.
The figure shows a DNA molecule on the left and a protein molecule on the right as a visual for students to make a connection.
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5. cell chromosome nucleus DNA gene
This slide serves as a review of the location, and structure of DNA and genes.
Emphasize how chromosomes are a condensed version of DNA.
Note: The teacher can delete or modify the location of the slide.
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DNA
gene

6. Transcription
Transcription: is the process in which DNA is unzipped in a particular gene to create a copy (mRNA) that will code for a specific protein needed by the cell/ living organism.
The nucleotide bases from DNA are copied to mRNA according to the base paring rules (C pairs with G, A pairs with T in DNA and U in mRNA). The copy gets made by the RNA polymerase adding the corresponding bases. Once completed, the newly formed mRNA is sent to the ribosome complex in the cytoplasm through the nucleopores.
Emphasize to students the advantages of mRNA (codes a single protein and it’s smaller and can easily leave the nucleus)
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7. Transcription
Transcription- is the process in which DNA is unzipped in a particular gene to create a copy (mRNA) that will code for a specific protein needed by the cell/ living organism.
DNA makes RNA

8. Transcription RNA polymerase “unzips” DNA
RNA polymerase copies the nucleotide bases from DNA to mRNA according to the base paring rules in the 5’ to 3’ direction (adds to the 3’ end)
C pairs with G, A pairs with T in DNA (and U in mRNA)
Telomere sequences are lost with each replication.
Cancer, aging

9. Transcription
Once completed, the newly formed mRNA is sent to the ribosome complex (in the cytoplasm) to make a protein
*Went from DNA to mRNA!!
Ribosome complex is in the cytoplasm through the nucleopores.

10. Transcription in a nutshell
Occurs inside the nucleus
Specific gene is copied into mRNA (messenger)
One mRNA codes a single protein
End result is the code for a single protein
Transcription in a nutshell: the teacher will go over the key events of transcription.
Occurs inside the nucleus
Specific gene is copied into mRNA
One mRNA codes a single protein
End result is the code for a single protein
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RNA base paring rules
A pairs with U
C pairs with G

11. Translation
Translation- is the process of changing the mRNA code coming from the DNA into amino acids that will form the protein needed by the cell/ living organism.
RNA makes Protein

12. Translation
mRNA bind with a ribosome forming a complex in which different tRNA brings an amino acid by matching the mRNA according to the base paring rules for RNA.
mRNA and tRNA (transport) function in triplets called codon and anticodon respectively
Work like a key and lock system.
Ribosome complex can be easily compared to a factory with a production line!

13. Codon
Codon:
The teacher can use this image to show different view of the codon and clarify students misunderstanding.
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14. Each tRNA molecule has a triplet anticodon on one end and an amino acid attachment site on the other
Figure 10.11B, C

15. mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome subunits assemble during initiation
Large ribosomal subunit
Initiator tRNA
P site
A site
Start codon
Small ribosomal subunit
mRNA 1 2
Figure 10.13B

16. Amino acid
Polypeptide
A site
P site
Anticodon
mRNA 1
Codon recognition
mRNA movement
Stop codon
New peptide bond 2
Peptide bond formation
Scientists have identified around 20 amino acids that are essential to proteins and based of paring rules have created a table called the mRNA codon chart that shows what amino acids corresponds to the mRNA codon been coded. 3
Translocation
Figure 10.14

17. Translation
In protein production there are codons that will indicate to the ribosome when to start and when to end.
Once the chain of up to several hundreds of amino acids is completed, the process stops and the protein gets sent to the endoplasmic reticulum to be packed and released.
The order of amino acids determines the shape and function of the newly formed protein.

18. Gene 1 Gene 3 DNA molecule Gene 2 DNA strand TRANSCRIPTION RNA Codon
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Figure 10.7

19. Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code “unity of life”
Second Base U C A G
UUU
UCU
UAU
UGU U
phe
tyr
cys
UUC
UCC
UAC
UGC C U
ser
UUA
UCA
UAA
stop
UGA
stop A
leu
UUG
UCG
UAG
stop
UGG
trp G
CUU
CCU
CAU
CGU U
his
CUC
CCC
CAC
CGC C C
leu
pro
arg
CUA
CCA
CAA
CGA A
gln
CUG
CCG
CAG
CGG G
First Base
Third Base
AUU
ACU
AAU
AGU U
asn
ser
AUC
ile
ACC
AAC
AGC C A
thr
AUA
ACA
AAA
AGA A
lys
arg
Figure: 14-07
Title:
The genetic code dictionary.
Caption:
If we know what a given mRNA codon is, how can we find out what amino acid it codes for? This dictionary of the genetic code offers a way. In Figure 14.5, you saw that the codon CGU coded for the amino acid arginine (arg). Looking that up here, C is the first base (go to the C row along the “first base” line), G is the second base (go to the G column under the “second base” line) and U is the third (go to the codon parallel with the U in the “third base” line).
AUG
met (start)
ACG
AAG
AGG G
GUU
GCU
GAU
GGU U
asp
GUC
GCC
GAC
GGC C G
val
ala
gly
GUA
GCA
GAA
GGA A
glu
GUG
GCG
GAG
GGG G

20. mRNA codon chart Alanine : Ala Arganine: Arg Asparagine: Asn
Alanine : Ala
Arganine: Arg
Asparagine: Asn
Aspartic acid: Asp
Cysteine: Cys
Glutamic acid: Glu
Glutamine: Gln
Glycine: Gly
Histidine: Hist
Isoleucine: Ile
Leucine: Leu
Lysine:Lys
Methionine: Met
Phenylalanine:Phe
Proline:Pro
Serine: Ser
Threonine: Thr
Tryptophan: Trp
Tyrosine:Tyr
Valine:Val
START: Met
Codon chart: Scientists have identified around 20 amino acids that are essential to proteins and based of paring rules have created a table called the mRNA codon chart that shows which amino acids corresponds to the mRNA codon been used.
Guide students on how to use the codon chart by looking at the first, second and third base.
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21. Translation in a nutshell
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Requires a ribosome
Ribosomal complex= ribosome + mRNA+ tRNA
mRNA contains code for specific tRNA
Different tRNA’s bring different
amino acids to the ribosome
End result is a protein!
Translation in a nutshell: the teacher will go over the key events of translation.
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Requires a ribosome
Ribosomal complex: ribosome + mRNA+ tRNA
mRNA contains code for specific tRNA
Different tRNA’s bring different
amino acids to the ribosome
End result is a protein
RNA base paring rules
A pairs with U
C pairs with G

22. The teacher can use this slide to give students another view of transcription and translation and review the process all together.
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23. NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM (ribosome)
The teacher can use this slide to give students a summarized view of transcription and translation.
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24. DNA makes RNA makes Protein
Central Dogma
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
DNA  RNA = transcription
RNA  Protein= translation

25. How do you go from DNA to the color of your eyes?
The teacher will refer back to the engage question: How do you go from DNA to the color of your eyes?
And guide students on the development of eye color.

26. That controls levels of melanin
3 genes
code for eye color
Transcription and
translation
Enzyme (protein)
That controls levels of melanin
There are 3 genes that code for the color of the eyes. By transcription and translation a protein is made. That protein is the enzyme tyrosinase which catalyzes the amino acid tyrosine and controls the amount of melanin in the cells (melanocytes) of the iris. The higher content of melanin the darker the eye color is.
Emphasize that DNA has the code to make the enzyme that will control the level of melanin and ultimately the color of the eyes, because the enzyme is a protein.
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27. Mutations can change the meaning of genes
Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence
caused by errors in DNA replication or by mutagens
change of a single DNA nucleotide causes sickle-cell disease

28. Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin DNA
Mutant hemoglobin DNA
mRNA
mRNA
Normal hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Glu
Val
Figure 10.16A

29. Types of mutations NORMAL GENE mRNA Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala
BASE SUBSTITUTION
Met
Lys
Phe
Ser
Ala
BASE DELETION
Missing
Met
Lys
Leu
Ala
His
Figure 10.16B

30. Types of Mutations Missense (Substitution) Nonsense (substitution)
Deletion (frameshift)
Insertion (frameshift)

31. Chromosomal changes can be large or small
Deletion
Homologous chromosomes
Duplication
Inversion
Reciprocal translocation
Nonhomologous chromosomes
Figure 8.23A, B