1. Types of Mutations

2. Mutations A mutation is a change in the genome (DNA/RNA) strand
Specifically the sequence (order of the DNA nucleotides)
Mutations can cause no change in a protein or they can cause the protein to not function

3. Mutations Point mutations-
a change in the genetic code that affects only one nucleotide (base) in the DNA sequence
Can sometimes lead to a change in the amino acid sequence
If a point mutation occurs that doesn’t change the amino acid coded for, it is what is called a silent mutation.

5. Mutations A point mutation can lead to nonsense
Nonsense mutation- results in a stop codon in the middle of the amino acid (protein) and therefore it is completely nonfunctional.
Stops the production of proteins, so no protein is made

7. Mutations A point mutation can lead to missense
Missense mutation- results in a complete protein, but with at least one amino acid different.
Results in a different protein that is less functional than before

9. There are 3 basic things that can occur in the nucleotide sequence to result in a sense or nonsense mutation:
substitutions,
Insertions
deletions

10. A substitution occurs when one base replaces another base.
An insertion is the addition of a base somewhere in the nucleotide sequence.
A deletion is the loss of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

11. Insertion and deletion can cause a frameshift
Frameshift- when the mRNA nucleotides “shift” or move the whole sequence over
Insertion and deletion can cause a frameshift
A frameshift can create missense mutations or nonsense