1. RNA and Protein Synthesis

2. RNA Compare RNA to DNA Different sugar (ribose)
Single strand instead of double
1different nitrogen base – Uracil is in RNA, Thymine is not

4. DNA IS…..
Nucleic acid (What are other classes of chemical compounds of life?)
Stores/transmits genetic information from 1 generation to next
Controls all daily operations/functions of the cell
Base Pairing Rule is…..

5. Why RNA? Book – RNA is a “disposable” copy of DNA
RNA is a “working copy”
DNA is the master set of plans to operate the cell, organism, RNA is a subset, part of the plan to perform a specific function.
DNA is kept safe in the vault, RNA can move out of the safe area and be used at different locations.

6. TYPES of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Copy of code from DNA to work site
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that is part of the composition of ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that transfers/brings correct amino acid to a ribosome during protein building (synthesis)

7. Transcription
Process where a segment of DNA is copied to make an RNA segment
RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands
Then uses one of the DNA strands as a template to make a complementary copy of RNA
DNA zips back together

8. Transcription
If the DNA sequence is GTACATTAG, what is the RNA sequence?
CAUGUAAUC

9. Transcription Animation!

10. The Genetic Code A protein is made up of many amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids
Different amounts and different sequences of amino acids mean many different protein possibilities
The sequence of nitrogen bases in mRNA is the code for creating various proteins
Language of mRNA (base sequences) is the genetic code

11. CODON A “word” of 3 nitrogen bases is a code to make an amino acid.
This 3 letter code is called a codon
AUCCAGGAU is a possible sequence.
How many codons in above sequence?
4 nitrogen bases, three positions, 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 different “words” in the code.
20 amino acids, start, stop

12. Another Transcription Animation!!

13. Review Codons are the mRNA “words” to make… Amino acids
Amino acids are used to make…
Proteins
If there is only 1 way to make tryptophan, and 4 ways to make alanine, what can you infer?

14. Review
If alanine is used in more proteins than tryptophan, how is it good that there are more ways to make alanine?
How many proteins are being made at any one time in any or your cells?

15. Translation
Decoding of the mRNA message in the creation of a protein (polypeptide) chain
mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
Codon moves through ribosome, is read.
tRNA brings proper amino acid to the ribosome
Process repeats until protein is finished

16. Anticodon
3 nitrogen bases on the tRNA that is the opposite of a specific codon (for a particular amino acid)
If the mRNA codon is AGC, the tRNA anticodon is
UCG

17. Transcription vs. Translation
Copy the last section, Genes and Proteins, of section 12-3, page 306 in your notes.
This is transcription – you are copying in your own writing (DNA is the book font, your copy is printing – similar to differences from T to U.
Copy Genes and Proteins, of section 12-3, page 306 in your notes, in Spanish, French, German
This is translation, from one language to another.
The language of nitrogen bases translated to the language of amino acids.

18. Animation

19. Mutations A change in genetic material Mistake in copying DNA
Mistake in copying RNA

20. Gene Mutations
Single amino acid mutation, single nucleotide or small number of nucleotides
Substitution – probably not a huge problem
Deletion
Insertion – both can be a bigger problem, might ruin the entire message

21. Mutation Types Substitution – Original – ATCGCC Mutated – ACCGCC
Deletion – Original – ATCGCC
Mutated – ACGCC
Insertion – Original – ATCGCC
Mutated - AATCGCC

22. What does a subsititution do?
Should be ATACAGCATGAG
Is GTACAGCATGAG
ATG ---UAC GTA---CAU
UAC = Tyrosine CAU = Histidene

23. Chromosomal Mutations
Change or shift in entire chromosome
Could be deletions duplications switching of order
Autosomal – mutation in one of the non-sex chromosomes (X or Y)

24. Sex Linked Genes Alleles on the X or Y chromosome
Humans have many more genes on the X than the Y, so there are many more X-linked traits than Y-linked traits.
Males are more likely to have recessive traits that are linked to the X chromosome.

25. Mutation Significance
Many are neutral
Some can be harmful to a cell, or the entire organism – cancers, genetic disorders.
Some can be beneficial to the organism, then potentially beneficial to the species

26. Triploid
Mutation during meiosis when a complete set of chromosomes fails to separate
End up with a gamete that is 3N (in trout normal 2n = 58)
In Rainbow trout, this results in a sterile female that expends no energy producing eggs, trying to reproduce, etc. and can grow large
Many western state Game and Fish dept. are causing this mutation in eggs, to stock sterile fish

27. No energy expended to reproduce = more growth

29. What is wrong with this image? 27.5 lbs

30. 45lb King Salmon

31. DNA