1. Contains Carbon
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

2. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

3. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen
Proteins

4. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Nucleic Acids

5. Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide = monomer unit

6. Lipids Glycerol + fatty acid lipids + water
Saturated -- only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms
Unsaturated -- at least one C = C double bond
lipid
lipid
Glycerol + fatty acid
lipids + water

7. Nucleic acids Monomer—nucleotide
Nucleotide = phosphate, pentose sugar, Nitrogenous base
phosphodiester bond

8. Protein Monomer units are amino acids
Amino Acids are identified by their different R Group

9. The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.
Lysozyme, an enzyme that attacks bacteria, consists on a polypeptide chain of 129 amino acids.
The precise primary structure of a protein is determined by inherited genetic information.
Fig. 5.18
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10. Even a slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s conformation and ability to function.
In individuals with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobins, oxygen-carrying proteins, develop because of a single amino acid substitution.
These abnormal hemoglobins crystallize, deforming the red blood cells and leading to clogs in tiny blood vessels.
Fig. 5.19
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11. The secondary structure of a protein results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone.
Fig. 5.20
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12. Tertiary structure is determined by a variety of interactions among R groups and between R groups and the polypeptide backbone.
Fig. 5.22
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13. Quarternary structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Collagen is a fibrous protein of three polypeptides that are supercoiled like a rope.
This provides the structural strength for their role in connective tissue.
Hemoglobin is a globular protein with two copies of two kinds of polypeptides.
Fig. 5.23
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14. A protein’s function depends on its specific conformation
A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides that have been precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.
It is the order of amino acids that determines what the three-dimensional conformation will be.
Fig. 5.17
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15. Fig. 5.24
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16. Enzymes
Proteins that help speed up reactions

17. Enzymes
LACTOSE
LACTOSE
glucose galactose
lactase
lactase
lactase

18. Protein inhibitors
Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the “lock” work or not)

19. The main parts of the cell membrane

20. Phospholipids

22. Endo and Exocytosis