1. Mutations & Genetic Engineering

2. A change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism

3. A mutation that changes one base
Substitution
A mutation that changes one base
Possible outcomes:
New codon codes for the same amino acid – silent
New codon changes the amino acid – missense
Sickle cell anemia
New codon codes for a stop codon – non sense

4. Frameshift Mutations A change in the reading pattern of the DNA
Causes:
Deletions
Sections of DNA are missing
Cystic Fibrous
Tay Sacs
Insertions
Mutations in which an extra base is inserted
Crohn’s disease

5. Chromosomal Mutations
Involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Deletion- loss of all or part
Example: Williams Syndrome
Duplication – segment is repeated
Huntington’s disease
Inversion – orientation is in the reverse direction
Translocation – two non homologous chromosomes exchange segments
The most common mutation, ΔF508, is a deletion (Δ signifying deletion) of three nucleotides[39] that results in a loss of the amino acid phenylalanine (F) at the 508th position on the protein. 
The HTT mutation that causes Huntington disease involves a DNA segment known as a CAG trinucleotide repeat. Normally, the CAG segment is repeated 10 to 35 times within the gene. In people with Huntington disease, the CAG segment is repeated 36 to more than 120 times. This altered form, called mHtt (mutant Htt), increases the decay rate of certain types of neurons. Regions of the brain have differing amounts and reliance on these type of neurons, and are affected accordingly.[7] Generally, the number of CAG repeats is related to how much this process is affected, and accounts for about 60% of the variation of the age of the onset of symptoms. 

7. Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology

8. Transgenic Organisms
Organisms with altered genomes through biotechnology
Microorganisms
Insulin production
Clotting Factors
Plants (Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs)
Insect resistant
Weather Resistant
Animals
Agriculture
Medicine
Commercial
Fastfoward video to 5:15 or so….it will progress to the continuation of the video-watch until about 7 minutes in on the second video

9. Making an exact genetic copy of an organism
Cloning
Making an exact genetic copy of an organism
Why clone?
Medical purposes
Reviving extinct or endangered organisms
Pet trade
Under “Organism” is a link to clone a mouse
Video link on pet trade at 24:12- 40:45 this will cover 1, 2, & 3 on this slide.

10. Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells
Stem Cells
Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells
Why study stem cells?
They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis)
2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions.
Great info:
Link to new stem cell developments
Two types:
Embryonic
Adult

11. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Gene editing mechanism
Idea from how bacteria fight viral infections
Three Part System:
Cas9 enzyme – molecular scissors
RNA sequence – directs enzyme to specific sequence to cut
New DNA sequence to insert is introduced
After cut, the cell frantically tries to repair DNA so giving it the instructions to change is easy

12. CRISPR Benefits Disadvantages Already been done:
Technology – cheap & user friendly
Cure disease
Study genome (98% non protein coding)
Disadvantages
Designer babies?
Already been done:
Monkeys with mutations to prevent HIV
Child cured of leukemia
Malaria resistant mosquitos

13. DNA Fingerprinting
A method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA sequence
Process: Gel Electrophoresis
with help from restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain base sequences…..everyone (except identical twins) will have different size segments
We use “junk” DNA – the part of our sequences that are different
Gel Electrophoresis link to DNA fingerprinting interactive

14. DNA Fingerprints
1st – identical vs fraternal twins