1. the structure and function of macromolecules

2. macromolecules
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

3. what is a polymer? poly = many, meris = part
a chain-like molecule made up of repeating parts
each link in the chain is called a monomer

4. polymers
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

5. Making and Breaking Polymers
A dehydration reaction removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Hydrolysis
A hydrolysis reaction adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

6. lipids are not polymers have little to no affinity for water
three most biologically important kinds are:
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

7. lipids: fats Energy storage Cushion for internal organs Insulation
lipids: fats
Energy storage
Cushion for internal organs
Insulation

8. lipids: fats
1 gram of fat can store twice as much energy as 1 gram of polysaccharide

9. lipids: fats composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
ester linkage
composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Ester linkage: 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol (dehydration formation)
also called triglycerides
Fats are not polymers; they are much smaller and are grouped because of their hydrophobic behavior
glycerol fatty acid chains
fat molecule

10. Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats
Saturated Unsaturated
Liquid at room temperature
Solid at room temperature
Found mostly in plants
Found mostly in animals
Double bound in fatty acid chain
No Double bond in fatty acid chain

11. lipids: fats

12. lipids: phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers. 12

13. Phospholipids in Water13

14. lipids: steroids carbon skeleton consists of 4 rings
Ex: cholesterol
Found in cell membranes
Precursor for other steroids (sex hormones)

15. lipids: steroids Examples: corticosteroids sex steroids
anabolic steroids

16. carbohydrates
Sugars
Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water; carbohydrates have the molecular formula (CH2O)n
used as cellular “fuel”
used for structure and support
monomer = monosaccharide
polymer = polysaccharide

17. carbohydrates monosaccharides (simple sugars)
fuel for cellular processes
synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids
glucose is the most common monosaccharide

18. carbohydrates disaccharides (two monosaccharides)
monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic linkages.

19. what kind of reaction creates disaccharides from monosaccharides?
hydrolysis reaction
covalent reaction
dehydration reaction

20. what kind of reaction creates disaccharides from monosaccharides?
C) dehydration reaction

21. after you drink a class of milk, how does your body digest lactose (glucose + galactose)?
hydrolysis reactions
covalent reactions
dehydration reactions

22. after you drink a class of milk, how does your body digest lactose (glucose + galactose)?
hydrolysis reactions

23. carbohydrates polysaccharides energy storage
building material for structure

24. Polysaccharides Storage : joined by a alpha 1-4 glycosidase linkage
Starch: Plants
amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen: Animals
Structural: joined by a Beta 1-4 glycosidase linkage
Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound
Found in the cell wall of plants
Chitin~ exoskeletons of insects

25. proteins amino acids polypeptide protein
Account for more than 50% of dry cell weight. Polymers of amino acids make polypeptides. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides.
protein

26. Proteins Importance: Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do
50% dry weight of cells
Most structurally sophisticated molecules known

27. Types of proteins: Structural functions in support Storage food source
ex.: elastin, collagen, and keratin
Storage food source
ex.: ovalbumin (eggs)
Transport moves other substances
ex.: hemoglobin, myoglobin and cell membrane proteins
Hormonal coordinates bodily activities
ex.: insulin
Contractile movement
ex.: actin and myosin (muscle)
Antibodies defense
ex.: Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G
Enzymes aid in chemical reactions
ex.: amylase and protease

28. amino acids: monomers of proteins
Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a variable R group/side chain.

29. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers
Consist of an asymmetric carbon covalently bonded to:
Hydrogen
Amino group
Carboxyl (acid) group
Variable R group specific to each amino acid 29

30. polypeptides: amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Cells don’t have to make each protein from scratch; they just link monomers (amino acids).

31. proteins function depends on conformation (shape)
(Example: enzyme substrate complex)
Polypeptide=yarn, protein=sweater. Function depends on ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule.

32. Primary Structure Ex: lysozyme Amino acid substitution:
Linear structure
Ex: lysozyme
Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids
Amino acid substitution:
hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia
amino acids = beads
polypeptide = necklace

33. Secondary structure Coils & folds
results from interactions between carboxyl and amino groups
Alpha Helix: coiling (keratin)
Beta (ß) Pleated Sheet: Folded (silk)

34. Tertiary structure Hydrophobic Interactions Disulfide bridges
Conformation: irregular contortions
results from interactions between side chains (R-groups)
Hydrophobic Interactions
Disulfide bridges
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds (Salt Bridge)

35. Quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule
Ex.:
collagen (connective tissue)
hemoglobin
peptides = yarn
protein = sweater

36. Nucleic acids nucleotides nucleic acid/polynucleotide
two kinds: DNA and RNA

37. Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA->RNA->protein
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide consists of:
nitrogenous base (variable part)
pentose sugar
phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases:
Pyrimidines ~ cytosine, thymine, uracil (RNA only)
Purines ~ adenine, guanine
Number of purines equals # of pyrimidines

38. Nucleic acids Polynucleotide:
phosphodiester linkages (covalent) between the phosphate + sugar

39. Nucleic Acids Inheritance based on DNA replication
Double helix (Watson & Crick )
H bonds~ between paired bases
Complementary pairing
A to T
C to G

40. Check yourself…
Which of the 4 macromolecules is not composed of polymers?
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
Which type of macromolecule conveys information to the cell?

41. Check yourself…
Which of the 4 macromolecules is not composed of polymers?
lipids

42. Check yourself…
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
A polypeptide is a string of amino acids while a protein consists of more than one polypeptide.

43. Check yourself…
Which type of macromolecule conveys information to the cell?
Nucleic acid/polynucleotide