1. Cities are an environmental abomination. . .
Right?

2. “The growth of cities will be the single largest influence on development in the 21st century.”
UN, 1996, State of World Population

3. Largest urban areas
1. Tokyo, Japan - 28,025, Mexico City, Mexico - 18,131, Mumbai, India - 18,042, Sáo Paulo, Brazil - 17, 711, New York City, USA - 16,626, Shanghai, China - 14,173, Lagos, Nigeria - 13,488, Los Angeles, USA - 13,129, Calcutta, India - 12,900, Buenos Aires, Argentina - 12,431,000

7. What’s bad about cities?

8. Air quality
Magnitogorosk, RU
Hyderabad, IND

9. Air quality Primary and secondary air pollution
Primary: directly emitted
Particulate matter: pm10 and pm5
Lead
Secondary: forms in atmosphere
Ground level ozone

10. Impermeable surfaces

11. Impermeable surfaces Don’t allow water to sink into the ground
Instead, water runs off quickly to storm drains
Overwhelms sewage treatment plants, OR
Goes directly to nearby water bodies

12. Cities influence climate
Urban heat island effect
Roads, buildings, other infrastructure replace vegetation
Absorb solar energy during day, radiate heat at night
Roofs, roads can be deg. F hotter than air temperature!

15. What’s good about cities?

16. Transportation
Greater use of mass transit and less use of private automobiles
Much more walking in some cities

17. transportation Energy efficiency of different forms
Btus per person mile
Vanpool 1322
Eff. Hybrid 1659
Commuter rail 2996
Cars
Air

18. Fighting obesity City dwellers less likely to be obese
St. John Newfoundland 36%
Toronto 16%
Vancouver 12%
New York City 20%

19. City town suburb rural Energy consumption- quad. BTU 4. 02
Per household
Million BTU
85.3
Per household member
33.7
town
1.94
102.3
39.7
suburb
2.46
108.6
40.3
rural
2.13
95.1
37.8

20. Sao Paolo Brazil, with much smaller eco footprint than Brazil as a whole

21. Alternatives to cities
Suburbs
Developed during 20th century
People wanted space
Loans, returning veterans
Transportation: cars made living in one place, working in another possible
Westchester cty, NY: world’s first large-scale suburban development

24. Sprawl development Spreading outward of city and suburbs
Low-density development
Single family homes, large lots
Auto dependent development
Long distances to work

25. Calgary, Alberta

26. Strip malls

28. Smart Growth A new development paradigm
Restoring center cities or older suburbs
Transit and pedestrian oriented
Mix of housing, retail, entertainment, other uses

30. Energy use
Transportation
Cars vs. bikes vs pedestrian vs mass transit
Living space
Recycling
Lack of green space