1. Introduction to Meteorology and Astronomy
Introduction Unit
Lessons Included
Introduction to Meteorology and Astronomy
Scientific Method
Density

2. Introduction to Meteorology and Astronomy
Created By:
Mr. Kreeger

3. Table of Contents Definition of Meterology Definition of Astronomy
Discussion topics
Definition of Astronomy
Observation and Measurement
Units of Measurements (handout)
Exponential Notation
Observation vs. Inference (handout)

4. Introduction Video
Earth Science

5. 1. What is Meterology
a. Meteorology- The study of the earth’s atmosphere by use of satellites and radar.

6. Discussion and Ideas associated with Meteorology
Why is it so important to make accurate forecasts?
What is a cycle, give some examples?
Why is it important to find examples in weather forecasting or science in general?

7. 2. What is Astronomy
Astronomy- Study of the universe beyond the earth (oldest branch of Earth Science)

8. Discussion and Ideas associated with Astronomy
Do you think it is important to venture to other planets in the solar system. Justify your answer..
What do we have to gain by looking and understanding comets and asteroids?

9. Observation and Measurements
What are some ways that we observe the world around us?
By use of our 5 senses
Instruments are used to make our observations more accurate. Some examples are:
Balance, thermometers, and meter sticks

10. Units of Measurement (Metric Versus American Units)
Measurements must have units.
A NUMBER WITHOUT UNITS IS MEANINGLESS
Basic Units
American
Metric
Length
Foot (ft)
Meter (m)
Mass
Pound (lb)
Kilogram (kg)
Time
Second (s)
Units Handout

11. Exponential Notation
Useful for working with very large or small numbers
M x 10^n (Where M is a number from 1 to 10 but can’t be 10, and n is a power of 10)
Ex 1: > 2.5 x 10^3 (2.5 x 1000)
Ex 2: > 2.5 x10^-3 (2.5 x .001)
Numbers < 1 written with negative exponent
Numbers > 1 written with positive exponent

12. Exponential Notation Practice
Write in exponential Form
Write in standard form
61,500
1.09 x 10^3
x 10^8
321
3.078 x 10^-4
64,960,000
9.004 x 10-2
x 10^2

13. Observation vs. Inference
Observations are things that actually happened
Inferences are things that you think are happening, or may happen
Obs/ Inf handout

14. The Scientific Method
Created by:
Mr. Kreeger

15. Table of Contents Scientific Method Steps in Scientific Method
Stating a problem or forming a purpose question
Listing the materials used
Gathering information/background info
Forming a hypothesis
Listing procedures to test hypothesis
Showing data obtained
Stating a conclusion

16. Introduction to Scientific Method

17. 1. Scientific Method
a. This is a set of sequential steps that scientists invariably follow. It is a guide to scientific problem solving. (PEMDAS).

18. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
Stating a problem / Developing a purpose question
Begins with an observation- Name some ways we observe the world around us???
Observing leads to questioning
In your statement must include the word effect.
Ex.
What effect does not eating breakfast have on school performance?
What effect do various substances have on a plant’s growth?

19. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
Listing Materials- Obviously

20. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
c. Gathering information
This is done by reviewing textbooks, magazines, encyclopedias and the internet for valuable information that pertains to the topic being investigated.
May be done in the form of measurement. (In all the sciences the metric system is used). If you are not familiar with it you better get used to it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( More to come in class- Stay tuned)

21. 2.Steps in the Scientific Method
Forming a hypothesis- This is a possible explanation or solution to a problem. Based on the information gathered.

22. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
Forming procedures to test a hypothesis.
Set of steps to form an experiment
Most test the variables that could prove or disprove hypothesis.
Variable- Something that can be changed throughout experiment.
In order to ensure only 1 variable is tested, you must also have a control which is something that will always have the same conditions as the experiment except for the variable being tested.
Ex. Effects of sunlight on green plants
Vary sunlight on one plant
Constant sunlight on other plant

23. Explanation of Dependent and Independent Variables
There are two types of variables
Dependent and Independent
Independent Variable- A variable that is part of the situation that exist from which originates
Dependent Variable- A variable that receives stimulus and measured for the effect the treatment has had upon it.
Ex. Y=2x + 3, X-ind var, Y-dep var

24. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
Showing data.
Can be shown in a variety of ways
Graphs (line, bar, frequency)
Charts
Pictures
MORE TO COME!!!!!!

25. 2. Steps in the Scientific Method
Stating a conclusion
This is done by thoroughly analyzing the data and stating whether your hypothesis is right or wrong and then explain why it was right or wrong.

26. Density

27. Table of Contents Density Defined Mass Defined Volume Defined
Relative Densities
Key Ideas about density
Calculating Density, Mass and Volume by rearranging the formula

28. 1. Density Defined
Density is mass contained in a given volume. (Units of Density g/cm^3, mL)
The formula is:
Density(D)= Mass(M)
Volume (V)

29. 2. Mass Defined Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Measured using a Triple Beam Balance
UNITS are in grams (g or kg)

30. 3. Volume Defined
This is the amount of space an object takes up.
Can be found in two ways: Depends on shape of object
Regular shaped Objects (Something that has straight edges):
Length x Width x Height= cm^3

31. Volume Defined Cont…
Irregular Shaped Objects- Must use water displacement.
Drop object in water and see how much water is displaced in a graduated cylinder.
1 mL= 1 cm^3
Remember always read from bottom of meniscus

32. 4. Relative Densities Densest objects are located at bottom
Least dense objects are located at the top.
Common Material
Density (g/cm^3)
Aluminum
2.7
Oil
0.8
Water
1.0
Platinum
21.4
Gold
19.3
Mercury
13.6
Make a drawing of a container and put showing where each object would be relative to the other

33. 5. Key Ideas about Density
Density never changes in an object no matter how many times you cut the object in half
There is an indirect relationship between Volume and Density provided mass remains constant
As volume increases density decreases
As volume decreases density increases

34. Key ideas about Density Cont…
There is a direct relationship between mass and density provided volume stays the same
As mass increases density increases
As mass decreases density decreases.

35. 6. Calculating Density, Mass and Volume, by rearranging the formula
If given Mass and Volume use D=M/V
If given Density and Mass use V= M/D
If given Density and Volume use M=DV

36. Practice Problems M= 25g V= 5cm^3 Find D
2. D= 16g/cm^3, V= 5cm^3 Find M
3. M=32g, D=8g/cm^3 Find V