1. Advanced Stroop effect
Torin Franz & Evan Frick
Hanover College
Evan

2. Introduction Stroop (1935)
Asked participants to report the ink color of 100 words
The spelled color did not match the actual color
Asked participants to report the ink color of 100 sets of squares
Took the participants on average a total of 47 seconds longer to identify color of the words
Even when told not to pay attention to the word itself, participants could not ignore what was being spelled
Evan

3. Introduction
The way that participants are instructed to respond has an effect on their accuracy
When speed is stressed, accuracy rates go down
When accuracy is stressed, accuracy is comparatively better (Chen & Johnson, 1991)
Automatization-when a task does not require conscious effort to be completed
Sometimes participants do not even realize they are completing the task
Being asked to quickly report the color of the word is difficult due to the fact that the color name interferes in the process (Francis, Neath, & VanHorn, 2008)
Torin

4. Automaticity Examples
I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae.
Evan

5. Research Question
How correct does the spelling of the words need to be in order to see the effects of automaticity?
Evan

6. Hypothesis
We expect to find that the more jumbled the words the quicker the reaction time, because it will be harder to identify words that are more jumbled.
Torin

7. Method Participants Obtained 22 participants through a sign-up sheet
College age students of all levels
No one reported color deficiency
Evan

8. Method Equipment Gateway Computer, model E4300
Monitor resolution of 1024 by 786 pixels
Internet Explorer 8
Stroop Experiment on CogLab website (Krantz, n.d.)
Written in Java
Spread sheet to record data
Evan

9. Method Stimuli 4 different stimuli 25 words in each condition
XXXX
Incongruent words
Middle Random Congruent words
All Random Incongruent
25 words in each condition
Shown in the center of the screen
Font size 16
3 different colors possibilities for font color and word spelling
Green, Orange, Purple
Torin

10. Method Procedure One word displayed at a time
Participants responded to the color of the word
Could respond by striking corresponding key or clicking button at bottom of the screen
There were 25 trials for the 4 conditions
After each condition, participants recorded their average reaction time and accuracy on a separate sheet of paper
Evan

11. Results X: 814.89 msec Incon: 1062.61 msec Rand: 846.26 msec
Torin
Reaction times differed significantly between conditions (F (3, 19)=10.48, p <.001, such that the X condition was the fastest (M =814.89), random was the middle (M=846.26), and incongruent was the slowest (M= ).

12. Accuracy Findings
There was a significant difference of accuracy between conditions (F(3, 19)=4.06, p=.02), such that random was the most accurate (M=.995), X was the middle (M=.98), and Incongruent was the least accurate (M=.97).
Supports our hypothesis because the fast conditions have the best accuracy
There is no speed-accuracy tradeoff
Note: One participants data was taken out- accuracy of .16
Told the researchers that she did the condition wrong and that is why the accuracy was so low
Torin

13. Discussion Our hypothesis was supported by our data
The most jumbled condition (random), had the second fastest reaction time, only behind the X’s (control)
Automatization is less effective when a word is jumbled beyond immediate recognition of an intended word
Evan

14. Practical Applications and Limitations
Teachers need to be aware:
as students get older reading is automatized-they can read without thinking
Younger students are so focused on the step-by-step process because reading is not automatized-it is harder to take in the information
Limitations
Used the wrong condition : Middle Congruent
Computers did not work-froze
Did not ask about gender (Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006)
Hanover may not be representative of the entire population because of the educational level
Torin

15. QUESTIONS?
questions

16. References
Chen, J., & Johnson, M.K. (1991). The Stroop congruency effect is more observable under a speed strategy than an accuracy strategy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 73(1), doi: /PMS Francis, G., Neath, I., & VanHorn, D. (2008). CogLab 2.0. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Krantz, J. (n.d.). Cognition Laboratory Experiments. Serial Position Effect. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from Stroop, J.R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), doi: /h Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M., Van Breukelen, G. & Jolles, J. (2006). The Stroop Color-Word Test: Influence of Age, Sex, and Education; and Normative Data for a Large Sample Across the Adult Age Range. Assessment, 13(1), doi: /