1. CURRENTS
HIGHWAYS OF THE SEA

2. Highways of the Sea vocabulary
contour currents
countercurrents
Downwellings
Upwellings
gulf stream
gyre
La Niňa
El Niňo Southern Oscillation (ENSO
ocean conveyor belt
pressure gradient force
sea level
thermohaline circulation
undercurrents
western intensification
drogue
eddies
Ekman transport
Ekman spiral
Eulerian method
float method
flow method
flotsam method
geostrophic currents
Doppler Acoustic Current Meter
Lagrangian method

3. Types of Ocean Currents
Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Types of Ocean Currents
A current is any movement of water and may be driven by tides, winds, or differences in water density.
Tidal currents – Currents in the oceans, near the shore, and in bays and estuaries along the coast created by the rise and fall of tides; the only type of currents that change in a regular and predictable pattern
Wind-driven surface currents – Currents created by prevailing global wind patterns; surface currents will be the main focus of this lesson
Thermohaline circulation – The global circulation of ocean water created by density differences due to temperature (thermo-) and salinity (haline) in seawater

4. Surface Currents Controlled by three factors Global winds
Coriolis Effect
Continental Deflections

5. Upwelling
Link
The movement of deep, cold, nutrient rich water to the surface
Nutrients promote growth of fish and plants
Areas are important fishing grounds

7. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Air Pressure & Wind
Wind is basically the movement of air currents from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Pressure is the amount of force per unit area.
Air pressure – The weight (force) of the column of air above a particular location, per unit area; air pressure depends on:
elevation or altitude (higher up means less air above)
average temperature of the air above (hot air is lighter than cold air)
composition of the air (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.)

8. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Air Pressure & Wind
Air circulation is driven by the pressure gradients that develop because of differences in the heating and cooling of the Earth’s surface.

9. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Global Wind Patterns
At the equator, surface winds are calm; this latitude is called the doldrums. Also known as the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) this belt of air around the equator receives much of the sun’s radiant energy, and the warm, rising air produces a low-pressure area extending many kilometers north and south of the equator.

10. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Global Wind Patterns
The horse latitudes are about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Here the warm air rising from the equator cools and begins to sink. There are few clouds and little rainfall. At the horse latitudes, some of the sinking air travels back towards the equator and forms warm, steady winds, known as the trade winds.

11. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Global Wind Patterns
The westerlies are located between 40 to 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. The westerlies start rising and cooling as they approach the poles between 50 and 60 degrees latitude. They meet extremely cold air flowing toward the equator from the poles to form the polar easterlies.

12. Surface Ocean Currents
Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Surface Ocean Currents
Surface currents involve approximately 10% of the ocean’s water and usually extend from the surface to about 400 meters (1,300 feet) in depth and are moved primarily by winds.

13. Each subtropical gyre has four boundary currents
Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Surface Currents
Gyres are large-scale circulating bodies of surface water that occur in ocean basins
Five major subtropical gyres:
North Atlantic, South Atlantic,
North Pacific, South Pacific,
and Indian Ocean gyres
Each subtropical gyre has
four boundary currents
Boundary currents are located
along the western, eastern,
equatorial, and northern or
southern (depending on the
hemisphere) boundaries of a gyre

15. Ekman Transport
The friction of the wind causes the water to flow in layers. The moving water transfers energy through friction to deeper water. Each layer of deeper water will continue to move progressively to the right in the Northern Hemisphere & to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Velocity of the current decreases at depth as the energy dissipates.

17. Spin of the earth causing A deflection of the wind And water currents.
Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Surface Currents
Other Factors That Influence Surface Circulation:
The Coriolis Effect
Spin of the earth causing
A deflection of the wind
And water currents.

18. Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Surface Currents
The boundary currents of a gyre flow in the same patterns due to the prevailing wind belts, friction, the Coriolis Effect, pressure gradients, and gravity. These drivers intensify the boundary current along the western arm of a gyre, a phenomenon known as westward intensification.

19. Subtropical gyres are important in regulating the Earth’s climate
Lesson 3: How do we Identify Ocean Currents with the Best Potential for Producing Energy?
Surface Currents
Subtropical gyres are important in regulating the Earth’s climate

20. Westward intensification causes the boundary currents (Gulf Stream, Brazil & Kuroshio) to be narrower (less than 60 miles), deeper (1.2 miles) and faster (100,s of kilometers per day).
These currents transport huge volumes of water

21. GULF STREAM CURRENT system
Florida Current
Gulf stream Current
North Atlantic Current
The Florida Current
Carries warm tropical
Waters that feed the Gulf Stream and plays a role in returning surface waters to the northern Atlantic from thermohaline circulation.
Influences the climate of the East Coast of Florida (keeps us warmer in the winter & cooler in the summer)

22. Florida Current
Flowing through the straits of Florida between US & Bahamas it transports more than 30 million cubic meters per second of seawater northward.
WHY DOES THIS MATTER?
It has the potential generating capacity of up to 10 gigawatts (GW). It has the potential for use of about 5 GW, the equivalent to 5 power plants.
The current never stops but does vary throughout the year.

23. Heat Transport Gyres keep climate balance
Current traveling along EQUATOR absorbs & stores heat
Current moves to colder latitudes (POLES), heat redistributes and dissipates
The current brings cooler water back to the equator
DEEP WATER CIRCULATION (OCEANIC CONVEYOR BELT)

24. As these currents pass by coastal regions of continents they influence:
WEATHER (heat & cold in current can change air temperature), tropical storms)
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY (upwelling of n utrients)
LONG-TERM CLIMATE

25. El Nino
Change in the water temperature in the Pacific Ocean that produces a warm current

27. La Nina
Change in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface water temperature becomes unusually cool

29. Video Clip El Nino and La Nina
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30. Studying currents Eulerian method
Floating device released into current
Lagrangian method
Device in a fixed position measuring flow of current
Eulerian method
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)
Measures speed & velocity by emitting high frequency pulses of sound that bounce off moving particles in the water. (frequency changes are called “doppler shifts”)
4 acoustic transponders that emit and receive signals from four locations.
*** can measure currents at different depths simultaneously

31. CODAR SeaSonde
Coastal Ocean Dynamic Application Radar
Land based and measure the surface of currents of the Coastal Ocean.
Transmitter sends out a radio frequency that scatters off the ocean surface and back to receiver attenna. (calculates speed and direction of surface current)