2. What is test construction?
Test construction is about the validity and reliability of assessment and evaluation (i.e. testing, interviewing, research, or by other means of selection process).
What is test construction?

3. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory
Highlights of History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

5. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
2200 B.C.E.
Proficiency Testing started in China
1115 B.C.E.
During Chen Dynasty test proficiency examination conducted in areas such as music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, agriculture, and geography, for civil service examinations.

6. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
400 B. C. E.
Plato suggested people should work at jobs consistent with their abilities and
Endowments/ or
natural capacities.

7. HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?

8. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
"The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living." Socrates 469 BC

10. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
200
Dark Ages begin
Science takes a
backseat to faith and superstition.

11. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1600
After 1400 years from dark ages we slowly moved from a religion dominated view of the world to a philosophical and scientific view.

12. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1859
Publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (humans are descended from apes).
Natural Selection and the Survival of the Fittest of the Species.

13. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1860
Gustave (gu̇s-ˌtäv)Fechner publishes Elements of Psychophysics
(Perception of Light and Sound).

14. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1869
*Francis Galton (gȯl-tən) father of testing movement half cousin to Darwin GaltonNature
publishes a study of heredity and genius, pioneering a statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call Correlation and Regression.

15. *NATURE VS NURTURE
The phrase "Nature versus nurture" was coined by Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity or genes and environment on social advancement. The nature versus nurture concerns the relative importance of an individual's genetic qualities "nature,” versus environment “nurture," in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

16. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1879
Wilhelm Max Wundt founds the first experimental psychology
laboratory, in Leipzig,
Germany
(reaction time)

17. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1890
*American psychologist James Mckeen Cattell coins
the term “mental test”
in a publication.
Not to be mistaken with Raymond Cattell

18. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1895
*Alfred Binet and Victor Henri publish articles calling for the measurement of cognitive abilities.

19. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1896
*Lightner Witmer establishes
the first psychological clinic
in the United States, at the
University of Pennsylvania.

20. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1904
Charles/Carl Spearman student of Wilhelm Max Wundt at Leipzig begins the foundation for Test Reliability and Factor Analysis.

21. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1905
*Alfered Binet and Theodore Simon published a 30-item “Measuring Scale of Intelligence.” Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale launches a new era in measurement.

22. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1913
John Watson/radical behaviorist publishes Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which is known as the “Behaviorist Manifesto.”
Galton Nature-> heredity
Watson Nurture -> environment

23. "Twelve infants" quotation
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” John Watson

25. GOOD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: MAXIMUM POTENTIAL
Good Seed Good environment

26. GOOD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: STOPS AT A POINT.

27. BAD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: PARTIAL GROWTH.

28. BAD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT,
CHANCES OF GROWTH: WILL NEVER MAKE IT.

29. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1913
Swiss psychologist Herman Rorschach, publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ art-work can provide insights into personality. In 1921 he
published his famous
monograph, psychodiagnostics,
known as, the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

30. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1914
World War I serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional
fitness.

31. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1916
Lewis Terman from Stanford University, publishes
the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Test.

32. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1926
The development of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) started and administered for the first time.

33. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1927
Charles/Carl Spearman publishes a two-factor theory of intelligence in which he postulates the existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) and specific (s) components of that general ability.

35. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1931
L.L.Thurstone publishes Multiple Factor Analysis. He created systems of equations
or “laws” to estimate scale
values for each stimulus. He also developed
Agree-Disagree format

36. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1935
Henry A. Murray published “Thematic Apperception Test.” The final version of the
test was published in
1943.

37. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1938
According to the 1938 “Mental Measurement Year Book” at least 4,000 different psychological tests were in print at this year.
Lauretta Bender published
“A Visual Motor Gestalt Test.”
Bender Gestalt II published in 2003.

38. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1939
*David "Wex" Wechsler “Wex-ler” from Bellevue Hospital in New York City introduces the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale,
designed to measure
adult intelligence.

39. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1940
World War II serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness.
Hathaway and McKinley
developed MMPI

40. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1941
*Raymond Cattell with the benefit of factor analysis as a statistical tool, introduces a theory of intelligence based on two general factors he calls “Fluid intelligence” and “Crystallized intelligence.”
Later, he developed 16PF.
Not to be mistaken with James Mckeen Cattell

41. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1941
Fluid intelligence” involves being able to think, reason, and solve problems (short term memory/working memory).
Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences (long term memory).

42. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1951
Test expert Lee Cronbach introduces “Coefficient Alpha” to measure test reliability.
This formula which was the modification of KR-20 calculates the mean of all possible split-half test correlations (reliabilities). Later, it was corrected by Spearman-Brown Prophesy Formula.

43. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1954
The first edition of “Psychological Testing” by Ann Anastasi published.
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget- publishes his work on the
Development of
Cognition in Children.

44. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1963
Stanly Milgram publishes
“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”
The experimental procedures and measurement methods of his work aroused many questioning on ethical grounds, and eventually lead to the establishment of APA Ethics Committees to oversee
measurement procedures.

45. E=Experimenter/Researcher/Authority T=Teacher/Subject L=Learner/confederate/Actor

46. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1975
John Holland proposes a classification system consisting of six personality types based on corresponding interest patterns called “ Vocational Preference Inventory.”
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

48. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1993
The APA publishes “Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations.”

54. Please read chapter 1 and 2 for the next week