1. Viruses and Bacteria

2. Viruses
Non-living biological particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein covering
Characteristics Structure
VERY VERY small - Capsid- protein coat
No cell parts/cell functions - Genetic material- can be DNA or RNA
Reproduce only with the use of living cells
THEY ARE ZOMBIES!!!

3. The Structure Of a Virus
Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid
The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

4. Viral Types DNA RNA Retrovirus
Starts out as RNA switches to DNA and then switches back to RNA (exp HIV)

5. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
The virus consists of an RNA genome, surrounded protein coat.
This virus uses reverse transcriptase to make the host cell make the virus DNA

6. Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic pg 200 in text

7. E. Coli and the Bacteriophage
What it looks like in real life

9. How does a Vaccine Work?
Prepare the body to detect and battle a virus if it comes
A weakened or “dead” pathogen is introduced into the bloodstream
Antibodies are formed and the body develops immunity to the particular pathogen.
Antibody: protein that will recognize and fight off invaders. (finds and puts a hit out on microbes. Think Al Capone of the immune system.)

10. The white blob is a white blood cell and the yellow Y shapes are antibodies tagging the green bacteria for destruction.

11. Amoeba Sisters video https://www. youtube. com/watch
Amoeba Sisters video How viruses work

12. Ebola Exposed:

13. Bacteria

14. Bacterial Evolution & Classification
Characteristics
Microscopic
Prokaryotes
Oldest fossils (3.5 billion yrs)
Live in nearly every environment
Classification
Few morphological differences
2 Kingdoms
1- Archaebacteria
2- Eubacteria

15. 1- Archaebacteria - unusual lipids in cell membrane - different cell wall composition - live in extreme environments
Methanogens
Produce Methane gas
Live where there is no Oxygen (bottoms of swamps, sewage, intestines
Extreme Halophiles
- Salty environments
Thermoacidophiles
Acidic Environments (pH 2)
High Temps – 110 C (Volcanic vents)

16. 2- Eubacteria (this is what your mother calls germs)
Shapes
Coccus = round
Bacillus = rod
Spirillum = spiral
Strepto = chain
Staphylo = cluster
Ex- Staphylococcus = cluster of round-shaped bacteria

18. Biology of Bacteria Structure
Cell wall made of Peptidoglycans (carbs and amino acids)
Gram negative has an outer membrane of lipids & sugar, which give protection against antibiotics
Cell membrane- lipid bi-layer

19. Gram Stain- lab technique used to dye bacteria
1- Gram Positive bacteria
-stains Purple
- used to make yogurt, buttermilk and pickles (yum)
- causes human diseases (Scarlet Fever, Toxic Shock Syndrome and Pneumonia)
2- Gram Negative bacteria
- stains Pink
- has a lipid bi-layer that prevent antibiotics from entering (different antibiotics must be used)

20. Bacteria Reproduction
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore Formation

21. Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

22. Conjugation A type of Bacteria Sex
Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

23. Spore Formation: Endospore
A type of dormant cell
Exhibit no signs of life
Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants
formed in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.

24. Antibiotics- chemicals that inhibit the growth of some bacteria
Antibiotics- chemicals that inhibit the growth of some bacteria Ex-Penicillin (produced by fungus)
Useful Bacteria
Decomposers (breakdown dead plant & animal waste)
Food processing (Yogurt, Sour Cream, Sauerkraut, Pickles, Cottage Cheese, Buttermilk)
Insecticides
Organic chemicals & fuels
Environmental clean up (Chemical & Oil Spills)

26. Bacteria & Humans Pathogen- any organism that causes a disease
- pathogenic bacteria enter the body through the respiratory/gastrointestinal tract
- disease caused by toxins produced by bacteria
Toxin- poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism
Endotoxin- found in the cell wall (mostly Gram -)
Symptoms- fever, weakness & damage to CNS
Ex- E. Coli
Exotoxin- produced by Gram + & then go to surrounding environment
Ex- Tetanus (Ever cut yourself or step on a nail?)