1. Bacteria & Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

2. Cell Structure Prokaryote: no nucleus or organelles
Chromosome & plasmids float freely in cytoplasm
Ribosomes: create proteins
Flagella: used in movement
Pili: act as anchors
Capsule: outer coating
Endospore: “cocoon” that forms around DNA to protect in harsh times

3. Bacterial Shapes Many bacteria grow in colonies
3 Basic Shapes:
1) Bacillus/Bacilli = Rod
2) Coccus/Cocci = Spherical
3) Spirillum/Spirilla = Spiral

4. Bacteria Reproduction
Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells
Both cells have identical sets of DNA
Less genetic diversity
Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged
Cells connect by pili
DNA exchanged
Creates genetic diversity

5. Nutrition Heterotrophs: feed on matter produced by others
Saprophytes: absorb nutrients from dead matter
Parasites: absorb nutrients from living matter
Essential to healthy ecosystems

6. Respiration Obligate Aerobe = must live in oxygen
The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs… which type is it?
Obligate Aerobe = must live in oxygen
Obligate Anaerobe = cannot live in oxygen
Facultative Aerobe = can live with or without oxygen

7. Kingdom Bacteria

8. Eubacteria (Modern bacteria)UV UV UV UV
Cyanobacteria: autotrophic bacteria
Evolutionary Importance
Early life lived in oceans (no ozone layer)
Cyanobacteria released O2 into the atmosphere
O2 recombined into ozone (O3) in the stratosphere
Protective layer allowed life to evolve on land UV UV
Ozone layer (O3) develops over millions of years
Uninhabited land
Cyanobacteria in Ocean water O2 O2 O2 O2

9. Helpful Bacteria Helpful in nature
Cyanobacteria: create O2
Decomposers: recycle C
Nitrogen fixer bacteria
Bacteria have been engineered for human uses:
Food: cheese, bread, yogurt, sauerkraut
Medicine: antibiotics
Industry: insecticides, fuel, environmental cleanup

10. Identifying Bacteria Common to most environments on Earth
Identified by Gram Stain test
Gram negative:
stains pink
harder to treat
Gram positive:
stains purple
easier to treat
Treatments differ depending upon results
GRAM NEGATIVE
GRAM POSITIVE

11. Gram Stain Overview

12. Kingdom Bacteria
Gram Positive
Thinner capsule
Stains purple
Gram Negative
Thicker capsule
Stains pink
Cyanobacteria
Autotrophs
Created ozone layer

13. Brush, Floss, & Rinse Your Teeth! GINGIVITIS HEALTHY
MODERATE PERIODONTITIS
ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS

14. Resistant Bacteria Only
Most bacteria killed
Strong Survive
Resistant Bacteria Only
Strong Reproduce

15. Salt, heat, & acid loving prokaryotes
Kingdom Archaea
Salt, heat, & acid loving prokaryotes

16. Archaea Live in extreme environments 1) Methanogens:
Anaerobic (Obligate Anaerobe)
Produce methane gas as a waste product
Habitat: Swamps, sewage, digestive tract

17. Archaea 2) Thermophiles Heat and acid loving archaea
Habitat: Deep sea vents, volcanoes, hot springs (230°F)

18. Archaea 3) Halophiles Thrive in areas of high salt concentration
Salt normally dehydrates organisms
Use salt to make energy

19. Kingdom Archaea
Halophiles
thrive in salty environments
Methanogens
live in anaerobic environments
produce methane as waste
Thermophiles
thrive in extremely hot environments

20. Silly…yet educational…Archaea AKA Archaebacteria

21. Name this bacteria shape!
Cocci

22. Name this bacteria shape!
Bacilli

23. Name these cell parts!
Pili

24. Name the process shown in this animation.
Binary Fission

25. Review
1) What is the main difference between bacteria and all other life on Earth?
2) What is the purpose of…
ribosomes?
pili?
endospores?
capsule?
3) Name the process where bacteria divide themselves?
4) Examine the next slide and identify the cell parts.
5) How do the 3 types of respiration differ among bacteria?
6) Which archaebacteria love salt?
7) How do Gram + and – bacteria differ?
8) Which beneficial gas do cyanobacteria release into the atmosphere?
9) What did this gas eventually create?