1. Electronic Toll Collection Systems
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2. 01 Approach for Introducing Tolling 02 Objectives of Toll Collection
Agenda
01 Approach for Introducing Tolling
02 Objectives of Toll Collection
03 Tolling Schemes
04 ETC Technologies
05 Value Added Applications
06 Success Factors
07 Facts & Figures: A and CZ

3. Kapsch TrafficCom – Snapshot
Scope of business:
Turn-key solutions, component sales and operations of road infrastructure related ITS solutions (focus: electronic toll collection systems)
16 years of experience in electronic tolling (218 references in 35 countries)
Offering:
Research & development of core technologies, systems & products (own manufacturing); system planning, implementation, integration & roll-out; technical & commercial operations of systems
Selected references:
Truck tolling system A
Truck tolling system CZ
All vehicle tolling (Melbourne, AUS)
Number of employees:
1000+ worldwide
Locations:
Headquarters in Vienna (Austria)
Development centers in Austria, Argentina, Sweden and USA
Sales offices in 23 countries
20/09/2018

4. Approach when Introducing Tolling
1) Definition of the transport policy objectives and the legal basis
Work out of a “toll master plan” defining the policy (“What are the objectives of the toll?”)
Work out of a toll legislation (“toll act”) defining the necessary rules, principles and administrative procedures (“How is the toll defined – fee vs. tax? Who is entitled to collect toll? Who is in charge of compliance checking and enforcement (e.g. police, customs, etc.)?”)
2) Definition of the tolling scheme
Depending on the objectives defined by the toll master plan an appropriate scheme has to be selected which best reflects the aims of the toll collection system (“Who has to pay toll? Which roads/zones/objects will be tolled? Distance-/Time-based? Tariffs? etc.”)
3) Selection of the technology
The selection of the base technology has to be in line with the scheme to be implemented and should reflect the specific requirements of a given country for the entire life-time of the system

5. Objectives of Toll Collection
I. Financing of traffic
Typically a mixture of financial tools is being applied (tolling is one of them)
Fair pay per use principle
Provides a maximum in flexibility in pursuing specific transport policy aims (traffic management, environmental protection)
II. Traffic management
Making users more aware of the costs of road use
Regulating traffic demand
Static, variable, and dynamic pricing
III. Environmental protection
More and more tolling plays an essential role in the greening of transport
Allows to cut down emissions by reducing traffic
Allows to promote low emission engines through low tariffs

6. Tolling Schemes - Overview
Tolling Schemes - Overview
Highways / federal roads (/rural roads)
Financing, traffic management, environmental protection
Distance-based or time-based
Truck-tolling /all vehicle tolling
Short range communication, GNSS, or Hybrid
Example: CZ, D, AUS, CH, I, F
Network
Tolling
City centers
Financing, traffic management, environmental protection
Tolling, access restriction, low emission zones
Static or variable pricing or driving bans/restricted access
All vehicles
Short range/ANPR
Examples: London, Stockholm, Bergamo, Munich
Urban Tolling &
Access Restriction
Object
Tolling
Tunnels, bridges, or highway concessions
Financing
Passage based pricing
Conventional tolling (manual / ETC single lanes)
All vehicles
Examples: Öresund bridge (S-DK), Tauerntunnel (A)
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20/09/2018
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7. ETC MLFF Technologies Short-range communication ETC systems:
EU: 5.8 GHz CEN DSRC (US: 915 MHz/5.9 GHz WAVE)
Standardized (e.g. 5.8 CEN DSRC) > Interoperability
Low cost onboard units
Low operational costs (no over-the-air data transfer)
Highest accuracy
Roadside stations needed
Infrastructure can be shared with other applications
Satellite positioning ETC systems:
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems)
GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO
Thin client vs. thick client
More expensive onboard unit
Higher operational costs (over-the-air data transfer)
No roadside equipment (flexibility)
Video ETC systems:
ANPR (Automated Number Plate Recognition)
Vehicles don’t have to be equipped with an onboard unit
Ideal for city environments
Manual verification needed (no 100% capturing rate)
Hybrid DSRC/GNSS
ETC systems
Hybrid DSRC/ANPR
ETC systems

8. Choosing the right ETC Technology (“ETC Technology Matrix”)
Hybrid sample:
 DSRC
 GNSS
Tolled roads, zone, object
Tolled vehicles
Commercial vehicles > 12t
+ Commercial vehicles > 3.5t
+ Passenger cars
Nation-wide tolling
Highways
Short range communication (GNSS)
Short range communication
+ Federal roads
GNSS (Short range communication)
Short range communication / GNSS
+ Rural roads
GNSS
Economical efficiency?
Urban tolling/ access
City zone(s)
Short range communication /ANPR
Object tolling
Bridge, tunnel, highway section
Tolled roads, zone, object
Tolled vehicles
Commercial vehicles > 12t
+ Commercial vehicles > 3.5t
+ Passenger cars
Nation-wide tolling
Highways
Short range communication (GNSS)
Short range communication
+ Federal roads
GNSS (Short range communication)
Short range communication / GNSS
+ Rural roads
GNSS
Economical efficiency?
Urban tolling/ access
City zone(s)
Short range communication /ANPR
Object tolling
Bridge, tunnel, highway section

9. Sample System: Kapsch Area (Hybrid DSRC/GNSS)
Overview:
Kapsch Area is a hybrid system based on GNSS/GPRS and DSRC technologies; it allows a combination of DSRC tolling on highways and other main roads and GNSS tolling where roadside infrastructure possibilities are limited
How it works:
Vehicles are equipped with a hybrid DSRC/GNSS OBU
OBU works in short-range mode on “DSRC routes”
OBU automatically switches to GNSS/GSM on other roads
Pure GNSS operation is possible too
Characteristics:
Hybrid system
Thin client system (cost effective OBU, central tariff & map updates)
High flexibility (easy adding of new toll objects)
High accuracy (optimized map matching)
High security (encryption of all data)
20/09/2018

10. Enforcement Overview: How it works: Available enforcement systems:
Enforcement has to be an integral part of each tolling concept ensuring that fraud is being reduced to a minimum, securing the income of the road operator and ensuring fairness to all road users
How it works:
Automated enforcement equipment detects potential violators
Manual verification of incidents in the enforcement center
Mobile enforcement is able to catch violators on street and do sporadic on-site checks
Available enforcement systems:
Fixed enforcement stations (for permanent compliance checking at strategically important locations)
Portable enforcement equipment (> surprise effect)
Mobile enforcement vehicles for on-site checks of flowing traffic
Handheld devices for manual checks at rest areas etc.
Enforcement center (as part of the back office system)
20/09/2018

11. Possible ETC-based Value-Adding ITS Applications
Possible ETC-based Value-Adding ITS Applications
Electronic Toll Collection System
Traffic monitoring
Traffic statistics
Traffic flow analysis
Traffic Information,
Management & Planning
Speed monitoring
HazMat tracking
Traffic surveillance
Safety & Security
Access
Payment
End-user Mobility Services
Fleet tracking
Pay-as-you-drive insurance
Industry Solutions

12. Success Factors
System should ensure a maximum in profitability ( optimize business case)
High accuracy for ensuring maximum income (1 billion income p.a.: 0,1% less accuracy  1 million less income!)
Low initial system costs (e.g. low cost OBUs)
Cost-effective system operation (high automation rate, minimal communication costs etc.)
Future-oriented system concept ( ensure investment protection)
Initial concept and technology decision should take future extensions into account (e.g. “from HGV to AV tolling” or “from highway to all road tolling”)
Ensuring interoperability (e.g. with neighboring countries and local tolling schemes)
Working technology ( minimize project risk)
Matured and proven technology
Guaranteeing maximal incomes through high tolling and enforcement quotas
Providing scalability with respect to increasing user numbers (AV tolling 5-10 times more transactions than HGV!)
Providing flexibility and openness with respect to future requirements (additional roads, traffic telematics)
Professional project management ( ensure in-time system start)
Experienced project partner knowing how to implement nationwide charging systems
Single provider (fully integrated solution rather than a patchwork approach)
Professional handling of sub-contractors

13. Facts & figures: Truck Tolling in Austria and the Czech Republic
Czech HGV tolling system
Austrian HGV tolling system
Owner
Czech road authority
ASFINAG AG
Operator
Kapsch Telematics Services CZ
Start of operations
Implementation phase
9 months
12 months
Initial set up costs
~ 120 Mio EUR
Figures not available
Vehicles subject to toll
HGV > 3,5 tons (since )
HGV > 3,5 tons
Income per year
223 Mio EUR (in 2009)
1,062 Mio EUR (in 2008)
Break even period
After 8 month of operations
Average toll per km
0,16 EUR (in 2007)
0,26 EUR (in 2008)
Average toll transaction per day
~ (in 2007)
~ 1,8 Mio (in 2008)
Toll parameters
#axles, emission class
#axles, emission class ( )
Network length (tolled roads)
~ km
~ km
Road types
Highways, selected level 1 roads
Highways
Toll sections
~ 480
~ 880
Toll stations
~ 240
~ 450
Enforcement stations (stationary)
~ 40
~ 100
Mobile enforcement vehicles
~ 30
~ 50
Point-of-sales (manned)
~ 250
~ 260
OBU vending machines
~ 15
~ 80
Type of contracts
Pre-pay (45%) / Post-pay (55%)
Pre-pay / Post-pay
OBU obligatory
yes
OBU deposit
~ 50 EUR
5 EUR
ETC-based ITS
Traffic data capturing (toll data)
Traffic sensors (toll stations)

14. Think of Traffic as an Opportunity.
Peter Ummenhofer Head of Competence Center Traffic Telematics Solutions
Kapsch TrafficCom AG Lakeside B03 | 9020 Klagenfurt | Austria Phone +43 (0) | Mobile +43 (0) |
Please Note:
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