1. Topic: Cellular Respiration Aim: How is energy/ATP produced in living things?

2. Section Objectives:
Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation.
Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular respiration.

3. What is cellular respiration?
breaking down food to produce ATP
in mitochondria
using oxygen
“aerobic” respiration
usually digesting glucose
but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins
ATP
food O2
Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water
glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water
dioxide
C6H12O6
6O2
ATP
6CO2
6H2O  +

4. What do cells need in order to make energy?
The “Furnace” for making energy
mitochondria
Fuel
food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Helpers
oxygen
enzymes
Product
ATP
Waste products
carbon dioxide
then used by plants
water
Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices!
food
ATP
enzymes
CO2
H2O O2

5. Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells

6. { { { ATP A Body’s Energy Budget make energy eat food synthesis1
make energy
• energy needed even at rest
• activity
• temperature control {
ATP
eat food
• growth
• reproduction
• repair { 2
synthesis
(building)
• glycogen (animal starch)
• fat { 3
storage

7. Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP ATP too unstable
only used in cell that produces it
only short term energy storage
carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage
Adenosine TriPhosphate
work
Adenosine DiPhosphate
ADP
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen!

8. Cellular Respiration: occur in 2 stages?
The first stage, glycolysis—no oxygen is required.
The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be completed.
SUMMARY EQUATION:

9. Stage 1: Glycolysis [Glyco=sweet, sugar] [lysis = to split]
a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound
produces only two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down. (4-2=2)
2 molecules of NADH are formed
4ATP
2ATP
2ADP
4ADP + 4P
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
2NAD+
2NADH + 2H+

10. What if oxygen is missing?
No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration
Then ->Anaerobic respiration occur
also known as fermentation
alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria)
can only make very little ATP from glucose
large animals cannot survive
yeast
bacteria

11. Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
alcohol fermentation
yeast
glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol
make beer, wine, bread
lactic acid fermentation
bacteria, animals
glucose  ATP + lactic acid
bacteria make yogurt
animals feel muscle fatigue
Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

12. Alcoholic fermentation
glucose -> pyruvic acid-> ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2
2ATP
GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION
used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol

13. Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose->pyruvic acid -> lactic acid
2ATP
GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION
used to make cheese and yogurt
~ in humans during strenuous exercise
not enough oxygen from blood “oxygen debt”
~ lactic acid accumulates in muscle; leads to fatigue and pain
Will be converted back to pyruvic acid in liver

14. Got the energy…
Ask Questions!!

15. Topic: Photosynthesis Aim: How do plants carry out photosynthesis?

16. Section Objectives
Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the events in photosynthesis
Understand why photosynthesis is important to all living things

17. What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

18. Plants are energy producers
Like animals, plants need energy to live
unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy
Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY
animals are heterotrophs(consumers)
plants are autotrophs (producers)

19. Plants use the energy from the sun
to make ATP energy
to make sugars
glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more
sun
ATP
sugars

20. Building plants from sunlight & air
Photosynthesis
2 separate processes
ENERGY building reactions
collect sun energy
use it to make ATP
SUGAR building reactions
take the ATP energy
collect CO2 from air & H2O from ground
use all to build sugars
ATP
H2O +
CO2
sugars
carbon dioxide
CO2
water
H2O
sugars
C6H12O6 +

21. What do plants need to grow?
The “factory” for making energy & sugars
chloroplast
Fuels
sunlight
carbon dioxide
water
The Helpers
enzymes
Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices!
sun
CO2
ATP
enzymes
sugars
H2O

22. So what does a plant need?
Bring In
light
CO2
H2O
Let Out O2
Move Around
Sugars (C6H12O6 )
leaves
shoot
roots
6CO2
6H2O
C6H12O6
6O2
light
energy  +

23. Photosynthesis ATP ADP ENERGY building reactions
sun
Photosynthesis
ENERGY building reactions
ADP
ATP
SUGAR building reactions
used immediately to synthesize sugars
H2O
sugar
CO2

24. Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
absorb sunlight & CO2
Leaf
sun
Leaves
CO2
Chloroplasts in cell
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts
contain
Chlorophyll
make ENERGY & SUGAR

25. Stomates & Guard Cells in the leaf
Function of stomates
CO2 in
O2 out
H2O out
gets to leaves for photosynthesis
Function of guard cells
open & close stomates
guard cell
stomate

26. An overview of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Light
CO2
H2O
NADP+
ADP +P
LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana
CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma
ATP
NADPH O2 O2
Sugar

27. White light is actually a mixed bag/spectrum of color
Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the light reactions of photosynthesis
X-rays
Micro- waves
Radio
waves
Gamma rays UV
Infrared
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)

28. pigments in the chloroplast
To trap the energy in the sun’s light, the thylakoid membranes contain pigments, molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
Wavelengths that are NOT absorbed are reflected (bounce off) or transmitted (pass through)
So the material in which the pigment is found appears to be the color of the wavelengths that are NOT absorbed
Photosynthetic pigments: can absorb light energy & make it available for conversion to chemical energy .
Light
Reflected light
Chloroplast
Absorbed light

29. Which colors of the visible spectrum do plants absorb the most?
Hint:
Look at the peak

30. pigments in the chloroplast
Chlorophyll a: most common pigment in chloroplast (absorbs blue &red light and reflects green light thus giving the chloroplast a green color)(chloro = green phylla + leaf)
Accessory pigments: additional pigments that absorb different wavelengths (carotene, chlorophyll b, & xanthophyll)

31. Review: So what does a plant need in order to carry out photosynthesis?
Bring In
light
CO2
H2O
Let Out O2
Move Around
sugars
leaves
shoot
roots
6CO2
6H2O
C6H12O6
6O2
light
energy  +

32. An overview of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Light
CO2
H2O
NADP+
ADP +P
LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana
CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma
ATP
NADPH O2
Sugar

33. Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
Temperature: increases rate up to a certain point
Light Intensity: increases rate up to a certain point
CO2 level: Increases rate up to a certain point
Water: decrease water, decrease photosynthesis

34. Compare & Contrast Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration
Define
Why is this process important?
Where does this process take place (in which organelle)?
Energy Storing or Energy Releasing
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

35. Regents Bases Questions
1. An inorganic molecule required by green plants for the process of photosynthesis is
oxygen
starch
carbon dioxide
glucose

36. 2. Which activity occurs in the process of photosynthesis?
Chemical energy from organic molecules is converted into light energy.
Organic molecules are obtained from the environment.
Organic molecules are converted into inorganic food molecules.
Light energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules.

37. 3. An organism was added to a test tube containing water, which was then sealed and placed in sunlight. The graph below shows an increase in the oxygen content of the test tube over a period of time.
Which type of organism was most probably added to the test tube?
fresh-water animal
green alga
ameba
virus

38. 4. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian.
Letter X most likely represents
ATP
maltose
lactic acid
PGAL

39. 5. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian.
All the arrows are associated with the process of
carbon fixation
photochemical reaction
synthesis
aerobic respiration

40. 6. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process.
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + water + oxygen
This process is completed in
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell membranes
chloroplasts