1. PID controller for improving Max power point tracking system
Emmanuel Kwaku Anto , Johnson A. Asumadu and Philip Yaw Okyere
Published in: Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on

2. Outline -Introduction to renewable energy -System Layout
-Ziegler Nichols
-improving Max power point tracking system
-Conclusion

3. Renewable energy Solar energy Biomass energy Wind energy Hydro energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar energy
Solar heating ,solar power plants, photovoltaic cells
Biomass energy
Direct: combustion of biomass
Indirect: chemical conversion to biofuel
Wind energy
Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
Power plants, direct use, heat pumps
Ocean energy
Tidal; salinity-driven

4. Solar Energy
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
Two main commercial ways of conversion of sunlight into electricity.
Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)
Photovoltaic Plants (PV)
convert light into a small electrical output -milliwatts output.
need a bank/array of cells for useful output.
cost of cells is high.
efficiency of cells is up to 21% / improving.

5. CSP
Photovoltaic Plants

6. Advantages Disadvantages Clean Sustainable Free
Provide electricity to remote places
Disadvantages
Less efficient and costly equipment
Part Time
Reliability Depends On Location

7. System Layout
ON-grid system

8. System Layout
Off-grid system

10. Top Countries for Installed PV Capacity

11. Maximum power point
PV panels have a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic with a distinct maximum power point (MPP). Several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been proposed to track the MPP as it varies with changing environmental conditions. The most popular amongst them is the Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) which offers the advantage of being simple and easy to implement. However, it has the main drawback that it cannot determine precisely when the MPP has been reached and this leads to oscillations around the MPP. Other drawbacks are slow speed response, low efficiency, and tracking in a wrong way under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions . 

15. The problem

16. Solutions
But HOW ??

18. Light Sensor 

19. Ziegler Nichols
Ziegler and Nichols proposed rules for determining values of the proportional gain Kp, integral time Ti , and derivative time Td based on the transient response characteristics of a given plant.
the Ziegler-Nichols rule assumes that the system has a transfer function of the following form:

20. We obtain experimentally the response of the plant to a unit-step input, as shown in Figure.

21. L = delay time
T = time constant
Figure S-shaped response curve.

22. Table Ziegler–Nichols Tuning Rule Based on Step Response of Plant

23. How do the PID parameters affect system dynamics?
four major characteristics of the closed-loop step response.
1. Rise Time: the time it takes for the plant output y to rise beyond 90% of the desired level for the first time.
2. Overshoot: how much the the peak level is higher than the steady state, normalized against the steady state.
3. Settling Time: the time it takes for the system to converge to its steady state.
4. Steady-state Error: the difference between the steadystate output and the desired output.

26. THE MPPT ALGORITHM
This method finds the maximum power point (MPP) of PV modules by iteratively perturbing the array voltage V, observing and comparing the power generated by the PV modules P(n) at any instant with the previous power.

27. Thank you for your listening Any Question?