1. Dispelling the CE Mark Myth: What’s Required for European Compliance December 12, 2003

2. What is EMC? EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility
Emissions: Unwanted radiated and conducted electrical energy
Immunity: Undesirable response to external electrical energy
EMI: Electromagnetic Interference

3. Elements of an EMI Situation
Source "Culprit"
Coupling method "Path"
Sensitive device "Victim"
VICTIM
Culprits - Intentional (transmissions, data link); natural (Lightning, ESD); Unintentional (harmonics, transients)
Paths - Radiation (Antenna to antenna, cable, box); Induction (Cable to cable); Common impedance (Power distribution; Ground system)
Victims - Receivers, sensors, video/audio, digital data
SOURCE
PATH

4. How Does EMI Affect Electronics?
Radiated and conducted interference
Conducted Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Cabling
Radiated Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Enclosure Penetration
Radiated Susceptibility
Radiated Emissions
Conducted Susceptibility
Conducted Emissions

5. Radiated Coupling Field to Cable
Radio
Electromagnetic Wave
Patient Monitor
VCM
Loop Area
Induced Current

6. Interference to TV Reception
No Interference
Two Interfering Signals Injected into TV

7. Transients Electrostatic Discharge & Transient Pulses
ESD can induce “glitches” in circuits, leading to false triggering, errors in address & data lines and latch-up of devices
Upset
Damage
Degradation leading to future failure(s)

8. PERSONAL COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS, RADIO RECEIVERS
Method #1Test at Approved Laboratory
Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC
Test Product at approved Laboratory
Report with Technical Information
Declaration of Conformity
Sell Product
DOC

9. RADIO TRANSMITTERS Examples CERTIFICATION:
Cordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products
CERTIFICATION:
Report with Technical Information
Send Report and Application to FCC or TCB
Test Product
FCC GRANT
with FCC ID Number
FCC
Grant
Sell Product

10. EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS

11. Top US Markets

12. OVERVIEW OF EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS
Terms and Definitions
Comparison with US Standards
Options for Conformity
Technical Requirements
Use of the CE Mark

13. TERMS & DEFINITIONS European Directive European Norm (EN)
Legal Document adopted by EC Council of Ministers
Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state
Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-making bodies to draw up product standards
European Norm (EN)
Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining conformity
Committee process
ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC)
Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state
CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms
CE: Communaute Europeenne

14. REASONS FOR COMPLIANCE
Regulatory Requirements
Domestic
EMC: FCC Requirements
Penalties:
$7000/occurrence
Bellcore
European:
EMC: EMC Directive
Military/Aerospace
Functionality and Mission Success

15. NEW APPROACH DIRECTIVES
Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers
New Approach calls out Essential Requirements
Technical Details Left to Committees
Harmonization of European Norms (Standards)
CENELEC
Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance
Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking

16. EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES Directive Mandatory Date:
Low Voltage (73/23/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Simple Pressure Vessels (87/404/EEC) Amended by 90/488/EEC
Toy Safety (88/378/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Construction Products (89/106/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
EMC (89/336/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Machinery (89/392/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC)
Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments (90/384/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Gas Appliances (90/396/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (91/263/EEC)
Amended by 93/68/EEC
Hot Water Boilers (92/42/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Medical Devices (93/42/EEC)
Satellite Earth Station Equipment (93/97/EEC)
Explosive Atmospheres (94/9/EEC)
Recreational Craft (94/25/EEC)
Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive
Mandatory Date:
1/1/97
7/1/92
1/1/96
1/1/95
6/30/95
1/11/02
6/13/98
NONE
6/30/03
6/15/98
4/1/01

17. THE EMC DIRECTIVE 89/336/EEC: The EMC Directive
Adopted 1989 by Council of the European Communities
Original Implementation 1 January 1992
Amended by 92/31/EEC
Affects all products to be placed on the Market
Calls out essential “protection requirements” which include emissions as well as susceptibility
Does not call out specifications or standards
“New Approach Directive”
Essential Protection Requirements
Allows Self-Certification
”CE” Marking certifying product’s conformance
Here are some notes

18. APPLICATION OF THE EMC DIRECTIVE
“Electrical Apparatus” Covered
Exceptions: components, large installations and devices that must comply with other Directives that address EMC (e.g., telecommunications)
Member states adopt ENs
Penalties for non-compliance
Country-by-Country basis.
Example: UK Requirements:
Fines up to £5000
Up to 3 months imprisonment for misuse of CE mark
Forfeiture of equipment

19. COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES
Product-Specific Standards
or use
Generic Standards
Use Generic Requirements if Product-Specific Standards do not exist
Conformity Assessment Options
Declaration of Conformity
Technical Construction File

20. CE Marking Implementation of the CE Marking: Must be affixed to:
Product
Packaging
Instructions for use, OR
Guarantee certificate
Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark
The marking may include:
The identification of a notified body involved in assessment

21. R&TTE Covers the following aspects: Efficient use of spectrum EMC
Safety

22. R&TTE Approval Process
CE Marking by manufacturer is allowed
Self-Declaration for many products
Reduced approval procedures and processes
Harmonized standards developed
Faster, cheaper, more market coverage for SME

23. CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTING
Measure Noise on Power Line
Product
Spectrum Analyzer
Power Cord
LISN

24. RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING
Test Site: Measure Radiated
Noise from Equipment Case
and Cables
Spectrum
Analyzer
Open Area Test Site
Product
3 m or 10 m
Turntable
Measuring Antenna

25. RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING
Test Site: Measure Radiated
Noise from Equipment Case
and Cables
Spectrum
Analyzer
Open Area Test Site
Product
3 m or 10 m
Turntable
Measuring Antenna
Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com

26. Typical Ambient Profile
Cell phone
FM Radio
Switching noise

27. Immunity Test Requirements
Series
IEC : Introduction
IEC : Electrostatic Discharge Requirements
IEC : Radiated Immunity
IEC : Electrical Fast Transient
IEC : Surge
IEC : Conducted RF Immunity
IEC : Interharmonics
IEC & 9: Magnetic field immunity
IEC : Damped Oscillatory pulsed field immunity
IEC : Dips & Interrupts (“power quality”)
IEC : Damped Oscillatory (surge)

28. ESD Testing
ESD Simulator

29. Anechoic Chamber

30. EFT Testing
EFT Generator
EFT Clamp
Ground Plane

31. Surge Coupling
Lightning and pulse sources cause high-energy transients into power and data cables
Direct
Indirect

32. Voltage Dips & Interrupts
IEC
Simulates brownouts and blackouts on equipment operation
Voltage Dip:
Voltage Interrupt:

33. A Tester’s Perspective
Radiated Emissions: Consumes at least 1/2 of all testing and re-engineering time required for passing most EMC programs
Most Common Failures (in approximate order of occurrence):
1. Radiated Emissions
2. Conducted Emissions
3. ESD
4. Radiated and/or conducted immunity
5. Surge
6. EFTs

34. Reach us Washington Laboratories, Ltd. 7560 Lindbergh Drive
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879
Phone: 800/
Fax: 301/