1. Where Did Industry Originate & Where is it distributed today?
11.1 & 11.2
Ch.11 Industry

2. What is Industry? Manufacturing of goods in a factory
Much more highly clustered than agriculture
Began in UK in late 1700s (Industrial Revolution)
Crash Course - Industrial Revolution

3. Industrial Revolution
Root = Technology
inventions – industrial, social, political & economic (misleading term?)
Shortage of labour in Europe
need for mechanization
Expansion in productivity = higher quality of living
industrialization led to urbanization – laid off farm workers migrated to cities for the new jobs in the factories

4. United Kingdom
England not only made the products but also the machines that made the products - allowed them to become richer as they sold both!
During 19th century UK produced more than the rest of the world combined
Lost this advantage during early 20th century to Germany & Japan (Post-war aid from USA helped build new factories)

5. Path of Diffusion increased economic disparities
Northern UK (1750) → Europe & N.A. (19th century) → Rest of world (20th century)

6. Prior to the I.R. Industry was geographically dispersed
Home based industry (cottage industry)
Textile manufacturing

7. Steam Engine Most important invention to factory development
1769, James Watt (Scotland)

8. Diffusion of the I.R. – Iron Industry
1st industry to benefit from steam engine
Way to keep ovens for heating iron constantly heated
Need for bulky, heavy coal = iron industry changed from dispersed → clustered
Birth of engineering
Transportation

9. Diffusion from the UK To Europe
Political instability delayed diffusion in Europe
French Revolution/Napoleonic Wars
Railway especially affected
Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden in late 1800s but didn’t match France/Germany until 20th century

10. Diffusion of Railways
FIGURE 11-2 DIFFUSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The construction of railroads in the United Kingdom and on the European continent reflects the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution. Europe’s political problems impeded the diffusion of the railroad. Cooperation among small neighboring states was essential to build an efficient rail network and to raise money for constructing and operating the system. Because such cooperation could not be attained, railroads in some parts of Europe were delayed 50 years after their debut in Britain.
The construction of railroads in the United Kingdom and on the European continent reflects the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

12. Arrived later than in Western Europe but grew much faster
To USA
Arrived later than in Western Europe but grew much faster
USA predominantly agricultural society, got manufactured goods from Britain
Textile industry grew as US imposed embargo on European trade to avoid Napoleonic wars

13. Manufacturing Regions
Fig. 11-3: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

14. Industrial Regions
Industry is concentrated in three regions
Europe
North America
East Asia
Each regions accounts for roughly ¼ of the world’s total industrial output.
Brazil and India account for most of industrial output outside of the aforementioned regions.
Less than 1% the earth’s land is devoted to industry (25% to agriculture)

15. FIGURE 11-3 Europe’s Industrial Areas Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each other for supremacy.

16. FIGURE 11-4 North America’s Industrial Areas Industry arrived a bit later in North America than in Europe, but it grew much faster in the nineteenth century. North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers.

17. FIGURE 11-5 East Asia’s Industrial Areas East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the twentieth century, beginning with Japan. Into the twenty-first century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures.

18. North America Concentrated in NE of US & SE Canada
5% of land area of these countries, yet 1/3 of the population & 2/3 of manufacturing output
Historical & Environment factors
Settlement, raw materials (coal/iron), the Great Lakes
Manufacturing belt