Pineal gland Pituitary Parathyroids (posterior Thyroid part of

Pineal gland Pituitary Parathyroids (posterior Thyroid part of
Fig. 10.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pineal gland Pituitary Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid) Thyroid Thymus Adrenals Pancreas (islets) Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Table 10.1

Fig Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Third ventricle Optic chiasm Pituitary gland Infundibulum Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Hypothalamic nerve cell Bone Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex Kidney tubules Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) Oxytocin Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) Thyroid gland Melanocyte- stimulating hormone Uterus smooth muscle Prolactin Testis Ovary Mammary glands Mammary glands Skin

Fig. 10.13 Stimuli from the nervous system 1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimuli from the nervous system 1 Stimuli within the nervous system regulate the secretion of releasing hormones (green circles) and inhibiting hormones (red circles) from neurons of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurons 1 Optic chiasm 2 Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones pass through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary. 2 Hypothalamohy- pophysial portal system Artery 3 Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones (green and red circles) leave capillaries and stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones (yellow squares) from anterior pituitary cells. Anterior pituitary Releasing and inhibiting hormones Anterior pituitary endocrine cell 4 In response to releasing hormones, anterior pituitary hormones (yellow squares) travel in the blood to their target tissues (green arrow), which in some cases, are other endocrine glands. 3 Posterior pituitary Vein 4 Stimulatory Target tissue or endocrine gland

Fig. 10.14 Stimuli from the nervous system Hypothalamic neurons in
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimuli from the nervous system Hypothalamic neurons in supraoptic nucleus 1 Stimuli within the nervous system cause hypothalamic neurons to either increase or decrease their action potential frequency. 1 2 Action potentials are conducted by axons of the hypothalamic neurons through the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the posterior pituitary. The axon endings of neurons store neurohormones in the posterior pituitary. AP Hypothalamo- hypophysial tract Optic chiasm 2 Posterior pituitary 3 In the posterior pituitary gland, action potentials cause the release of neurohormones (blue circles) from axon terminals into the circulatory system. Neurohormone Anterior pituitary 3 4 The neurohormones pass through the circulatory system and influence the activity of their target tissues. Vein 4 Target tissue

Pineal gland Pituitary Parathyroids (posterior Thyroid part of
Fig. 10.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pineal gland Pituitary Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid) Thyroid Thymus Adrenals Pancreas (islets) Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Hormone 1 Hormone 2 Capillary Circulating blood Hormone 2
Fig. 10.6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hormone 1 Hormone 2 Capillary Circulating blood Hormone 2 cannot bind to this receptor Hormone 1 bound to its receptor Hormone 1 receptor Target cell for hormone 1

Fig. 10.7 Water-soluble hormone (glucagon, prolactin)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Water-soluble hormone (glucagon, prolactin) Lipid-soluble hormone (thyroid or steroid) Membrane-bound receptor G protein complex Cellular responses Adenylate cyclase ATP cAMP Nucleus Protein kinase Hormone Nuclear receptor DNA Cellular responses (a) (b)

Fig. 10.2 PTH Ca2+ Endocrine cell when blood Ca2+ is too low
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. PTH Ca2+ Endocrine cell when blood Ca2+ is too low Osteoclast No PTH secretion Ca2+ Endocrine cell when blood Ca2+ is too high

will travel to its target. AP
Fig. 10.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neuron 1 An action potential (AP) in a neuron innervating an endocrine cell stimulates secretion of a stimulatory neurotransmitter. 2 The endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood where it will travel to its target. AP Stimulatory neurotransmitter Endocrine cell Capillary Hormone secreted

Fig. 10.19 1 Stress, physical activity, and
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Stress, physical activity, and low blood glucose levels act as stimuli to the hypothalamus, resulting in increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Physical activity Low blood glucose Other stressors 1 Epinephrine and norepinephrine in the target tissues: Hypothalamus 2 An increased frequency of action potentials conducted through the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and some norepinephrine into the circulatory system. Increase the release of glucose from the liver into the blood Increase the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood Increase heart rate Decrease blood flow through blood vessels of most internal organs Increase blood flow through blood vessels of skeletal muscle and the heart Increase blood pressure Decrease the function of visceral organs Increase the metabolic rate of skeletal muscles 3 Spinal cord Sympathetic nerve fiber 3 Epinephrine and norepinephrine act on their target tissues to produce responses. 2 Adrenal medulla

Fig. 8.39 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Lacrimal gland Ciliary ganglion III Eye Nasal mucosa Pterygopalatine ganglion Sublingual and submandibular glands Submandibular ganglion VII Parotid gland IX Otic ganglion Medulla Sympathetic nerves X Spinal cord Trachea T1 Lung Celiac ganglion Heart Greater splanchnic nerve Liver Superior mesenteric ganglion Stomach Lesser splanchnic nerve Adrenal gland Spleen Pancreas L2 Small intestine Lumbar splanchnic nerves Inferior mesenteric ganglion Kidney Large intestine S2 Sacral splanchnic nerves Pelvic splanchnic nerve S3 Hypogastric ganglion S4 Sympathetic chain Urinary system and genitalia Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) Parasympathetic (craniosacral)

Fig. 10.14 Stimuli from the nervous system Hypothalamic neurons in
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimuli from the nervous system Hypothalamic neurons in supraoptic nucleus 1 Stimuli within the nervous system cause hypothalamic neurons to either increase or decrease their action potential frequency. 1 2 Action potentials are conducted by axons of the hypothalamic neurons through the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the posterior pituitary. The axon endings of neurons store neurohormones in the posterior pituitary. AP Hypothalamo- hypophysial tract Optic chiasm 2 Posterior pituitary 3 In the posterior pituitary gland, action potentials cause the release of neurohormones (blue circles) from axon terminals into the circulatory system. Neurohormone Anterior pituitary 3 4 The neurohormones pass through the circulatory system and influence the activity of their target tissues. Vein 4 Target tissue

Neurons in the hypothalamus release stimulatory hormones, called
Fig. 10.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimulatory Hypothalamus Releasing hormone 1 Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Hormone 2 Target endocrine cell Target 3 Hormone 1 Neurons in the hypothalamus release stimulatory hormones, called releasing hormones. Releasing hormones travel in the blood to the anterior pituitary gland. 2 Releasing hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary, which travel in the blood to their target endocrine cell. 3 The target endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood, where it travels to its target and produces a response.

Fig. 10.16 Hypothermia and other stressors 1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothermia and other stressors 1 Stress and hypothermia cause TRH to be released from neurons within the hypothalamus. It passes through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary. TRH 1 Hypothalamus 2 TRH causes cells of the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH, which passes through the general circulation to the thyroid gland. Hypothalamohypophysial portal system 3 TSH causes increased synthesis and release of T3 and T4 into the general circulation. Anterior pituitary 4 T3 and T4 act on target tissues to produce a response. TSH 5 2 T3 and T4 also have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary. Thyroid gland 5 3 T3 and T4 4 Stimulatory T3 and T4 in target tissues: Increase metabolism Increase body temperature Increase normal growth and development Inhibitory

Fig. 10.21 1 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from hypothalamic neurons in response to stress or low blood glucose and passes, by way of the hypothalamohypophysial portal system, to the anterior pituitary. Low blood glucose and other stressors CRH 2 In the anterior pituitary, CRH binds to and stimulates cells that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 1 Hypothalamus 3 ACTH binds to membrane-bound receptors on cells of the adrenal cortex and stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol. Hypothalamohypophysial portal system 5 4 Cortisol acts on target tissues, resulting in increased lipid and protein breakdown, increased glucose levels, and anti-inflammatory effects. Anterior pituitary ACTH 5 Cortisol has a negative-feedback effect because it inhibits CRH release from the hypothalamus and ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary. 2 Cortisol 3 Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) 4 Stimulatory Cortisol in the target tissues: • Increases lipid and protein breakdown • Increases blood glucose • Has anti-inflammatory effects Inhibitory

Fig. 10.8 1 Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane. Lipid-soluble hormone Plasma membrane 2 Lipid-soluble hormones either bind to cytoplasmic receptors and travel to the nucleus or bind to nuclear receptors. 1 3 The hormone-receptor complex binds to a hormone-response element on the DNA, acting as a transcription factor. Nuclear membrane 4 The binding of the hormone-receptor complex to DNA stimulates the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), which codes for specific proteins. Ribosome 2 Nuclear receptor 3 5 The mRNA leaves the nucleus, passes into the cytoplasm of the cell, and binds to ribosomes, where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins. Hormone-receptor complex mRNA DNA 5 Hormone- response element 6 The newly synthesized proteins produce the cell's response to the lipid-soluble hormones—for example, the secretion of a new protein. mRNA synthesis 6 4 Proteins produced mRNA Nuclear pore

Fig. 10.9 Water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor. Water-soluble hormone Receptor       GDP GTP GTP replaces GDP on  subunit. GDP 1 Before the hormone binds to its receptor, the G protein consists of three subunits, with GDP attached to the  subunit, and freely floats in the plasma membrane. 3 After the hormone binds to its membrane-bound receptor, the receptor changes shape, and the G protein binds to it. GTP replaces GDP on the  subunit of the G protein. Water-soluble hormone bound to its receptor. Water-soluble hormone separates from its receptor. Receptor       GTP Phosphate (Pi) is removed from GTP on  subunit. GDP G protein separates from receptor.  subunit separates from other subunits. Pi 2 The G protein separates from the receptor. The GTP-linked  subunit activates cellular responses, which vary among target cells. 4 When the hormone separates from the receptor, additional G proteins are no longer activated. Inactivation of the  subunit occurs when phosphate (Pi) is removed from the GTP, leaving GDP bound to the subunit.

Fig. 10.10 1 After a water-soluble hormone binds to its
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 After a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor, the G protein is activated. Water-soluble hormone bound to its receptor. 1 2 The activated  subunit, with GTP bound to it, binds to and activates an adenylate cyclase enzyme so that it converts ATP to cAMP. 3 The cAMP can activate protein kinase enzymes, which phosphorylate specific enzymes activating them. The chemical reactions catalyzed by the activated enzymes produce the cell's response.    GTP Adenylate cyclase 2 4 Phosphodiesterase enzymes inactivate cAMP by converting cAMP to AMP. A TP cAMP Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP. 3 4 cAMP is an intracellular mediator that activates protein kinases. Protein kinase AMP (inactive) Cellular responses

Hormone Receptor Activated G proteins Activated adenylate cyclase cAMP
Fig Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hormone Receptor Activated G proteins Activated adenylate cyclase cAMP Activated protein kinase enzymes

Table 10.2a

Table 10.2b

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