1. European Revolutions Complete p #22 about European Revolutions
Enduring Understandings
The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution.
Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force.
Questions
What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that helped to fuel their revolutions for political change?
How did nationalism play a role in these revolutions.
Agenda –
Warm-up: Finish p#21 and then complete Venn diagram comparing Haiti, Latin America and Mexican Revolutions.
Complete p #22 about European Revolutions
Answer questions 1 and 2 above
Create a Venn Diagram comparing French, Western Hemisphere and European Revolutions – how do these similarities illustrate the Enduring Understandings?
Identify the similarities among the revolutions we have studied and identify 3 major lessons we should take from these events
Draw a cartoon that illustrates the lesson you described in #4
European Revolutions

2. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements
Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Haiti – Slave Rebellion
Reasons slaves revolted
Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods
African slaves were politically powerless
African slaves were terrorized
African slaves far outnumbered whites.
Enlightened ideas of liberty and equality
Strategies employed to gain independence
African priest Boukman inspired slaves to revolt
Toussaint L’Ouverture became a very successful military and diplomatic leader by finding enemy’s weaknesses
Dessalines became the next leader of revolution promoting Haitian nationalism

3. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements
Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – South America –
Reasons Americans revolted
Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, and popular sovereignty
Opposed being ruled by Napoleon’s brother, who was made the illegitimate King of Spain
Class conflict between peninsulares and creoles
When Spanish King returned after defeat of Napoleon in 1814, rebels, mainly Creoles, fought to become independent of Spain and
Creoles also wanted to replace Peninsulares as the class with political power.
Strategies employed by Bolivar and San Martin
Surprise tactics by Bolivar
San Martin – forced surprise march combined with alliance with O’Higgins
Unity between Bolivar and San Martin
Bolivar’s command of a large, very nationalistic motivated volunteer army.

4. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements
Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Mexico –
Importance of grito de Dolores
Padre Miguel Hidalgo used this as a call for peasants to rise up against Spain
Morelos also lost, but furthered the idea of Mexican independence basing it on the popular support for Mexicans governing Mexico (popular sovereignty)
How did each racial group play a role in independence?
Indios and Mestizos fought for the revolution – they were the down- trodden underclasses
Creoles later joined independence to maintain their social and economic positions as the wealthy landowners.

5. Similarities Mexico South America Haiti Social Unrest & class struggle
Political instability in European mother country
Middle Class took leadership role
New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and popular sovereignty
Abusive government
Use of violence, specifically well-led guerilla tactics
Growing nationalism for the colony rather than the European mother country

6. 1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality – Napoleonic Era
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Rest of Europe begins to buy into French Revolutionary ideas about:
Equality
Liberty
Popular sovereignty
Limited government
Nationalism (not so French Revolution, but reaction to Napoleon and French invasion)
Sees success of mass action to achieve goals
Political reactions – 3 broad groups form to promote political ideas:
Radicals – want to create full-fledged democracy by force if necessary
Liberals – Constitutional limited monarchy is fine with elected powerful parliaments
Conservatives – react to the above groups and fear a French-style revolution. Support return to absolute monarchy (albeit with some enlightened ideas)
Conservatives in power in most of Europe, especially Russia, Prussia and Austria
Romanticism – passion, individual heroics, nature, glory of noble past leads to feelings of Nationalism

7. 2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire - 1821
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of the connection (by way of renaissance) to ancient Greek culture.
Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern Orthodox religion
European militaries assist Greek independence movement by defeating Ottoman navy.
Greeks win their independence from Ottomans (conflict still exists today on Cyprus)

8. 3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in Austria
Liberal government is demanded by radicals but they cannot unify
Conservative backlash against radicals results in the failure of the revolutions.

9. 4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy in France. 1930
Results, outcomes, consequences:
After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X overextends himself and riots break out forcing him to flee, ending the idea of absolutism in France (sorta)
Louis-Philippe becomes king of a constitutional monarchy
Implements some liberal reforms and rules for 18 years.
Becomes increasingly conservative, reacting violently to concerns of the working class hit hard by recession

10. 5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe. 1848
Results, outcomes, consequences:
First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic
2nd Republic fails within 4 years because the radicals begin to disagree.
Radical disagreements end in open bloodshed
People react to instability and chaos by supporting conservatives
Who promote and then elect Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I)

11. Revolutions of 1848
A.J.P. Taylor, perhaps the first historian to have a genuinely popular public following due to his masterly presentation of historical topics on a dedicated TV series, in relation to the Germanic experience of 1848 coined the phrase that "history reached its turning point and failed to turn".
Lewis Namier states that “1848 remains a seed-plot of history. It crystallized ideas and projected the pattern of things to come; it determined the course of the following century.“
Poor grain harvests, the appearance of blight - an extremely serious disease - in potato crops, and generally depressed economic conditions across much of Europe in led to sharply rising food prices, unemployment, and a radicalisation of political attitudes.

12. 6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of France in 1848; later assumes title of Emperor Napoleon III in 1852 until his capture during Franco-Prussian War in 1870
Like his uncle, a plebiscite conferred legitimate imperial powers on him
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong centralized, but enlightened control of Napoleon III
Reform plans include:
Building bridges and roads
Railroads
Schools
Modernized Paris
And promoted industrialization

13. 7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during Crimean War – October 1853 – March 1856
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Russia was defeated due to lack of industrialization and transportation capabilities
Alexander II (who succeeded Nicholas as Czar) plans to rapidly modernize and industrialize

14. 8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation - 1861
Results, outcomes, consequences:
Serfdom technically ends in Russia
Serf no are no longer legally tied to the land.
Peasant communities now own the land. BUT…
Peasants have to work to pay off the land, by paying the Czar. Essentially they are tied to the land through debt.

15. Similarities French European Western hemisphere Social Unrest
Political instability
Middle Class took leadership role
New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and popular sovereignty
Food and/or economic crisis
Use of violence,
Growing nationalism

16. To the Latin American revolutions in the 19th century
Research revolutions today – produce a brief powerpoint to illustrate the comparisons to the 19th century Latin American Revolutions
Tunisia
Egypt
Bahrain
Syria
Libya
Algeria
Compare the:
Participants
Methods
Reasons
Gov’t reaction
Results
To the Latin American revolutions in the 19th century