1. Imposing Liberalism
To what extent, and for whom, has the imposition of liberalism been successful?

2. How has the imposition of liberalism Affected Aboriginal groups?
Aboriginal World view
Live in peace and harmony.
Co-operation brings strength to the group.
Land used for collective benefit.
Share land, the provider of life’s necessities.
Each person is sacred and complete.

3. European Liberal Worldview
Keep the peace.
Gain strategic allies.
Acquire land\Private property.
Capitalism/Competition.
Change brings progress.
Self-interest.

4. Historical treaties
One of the first treaties between the First Nation’s and European’s was the “Le grande Paix de Montreal”, which took place between the governor of New France and 40 First Nations tribes in 1701.
By the year 1812 the Europeans had outnumbered the First Nations due to many factors such as the formation of European Colonies, wars, and etc. Consequently they signed treaties that compromised their rights to land, but offered protection of the tribes themselves and their tradition.
These right of aboriginals are outlined in the Royal Proclaimation of 1763 ( see pg.220)
Only crown could buy or sell aboriginal land.
Aboriginals were under protection of the Crown.
Agreements to obtain these lands.
Etc.

5. Difference of treaty understandings
Aboriginals
Treaties between nations; upheld orally.
Land is owned by nobody; but the Creator.
Treaties established to share land for newcomers.
Europeans
Treaties between any two parties; documented.
Individuals may own land for exclusive use.
Treaties establish to clear the way for settlement of Europeans.
Whole Chart on pg. 221.

6. Assimilation
The Canadian government started many initiatives in the 1850’s to assimilate First Nations, the goal was “To protect Indians and their lands until they become civil and assimilated”.
Indian Act (1867)
This act gave certain rights to “Status Indians” and stripped them of certain rights, to encourage them to leave their culture, traditions, and become more “civilized”.
Started Residential schools in 1883 in order to forcefully assimilate future generations.
This Act offended many Aboriginals, because of it’s paternal tone.
Still exists today, has been amended many times.
Banned the Potlatch, and the Sun dance.
Women who married a non-Indian couldn’t receive Indian status until 1985.
(Gehl Gii-Zhigaate-Mnidoo-Kwe, n/d)

7. Inuit assimilation
Assimilate Inuit and make them reliant on social programs.
RCMP Investigations on genocide of “Qimmiit” dogs.
Pita Aatami’s case
750 page investigation; against this case.
Qimmiit dogs
(L.Jofesen, 2013)

8. Female Identity and the Indian act
As a result of assimilation from government policies, many First Nations were stripped of their identities.
This happened until 1985 when the Indian Act had singled out women by stripping them and their children of their Indian status if they married a man that does not possess an Indian status.
Women were assimilated from their traditional positons of power and importance. Leading to devaluing women and erosion of female-led societies.
Since their society was matrilineal (female led), the removal of their power and role in the society caused inequality.
This inequality was dismissed with the passage of Bill C-31 in 1985.

9. Metis scrips
The Metis were offered scrip; it is legal documents either in form of land or money to help compensate for their loss of territory.
Their way of life was affected as a result of the end of fur trade and a considerable amount of buffalo reduced.
Metis viewed the scrip as an imposition of liberal policies, which treated them as individuals rather than distinct group of people.

10. The Royal commission of Aboriginal people
The Canadian government formed the Royal Commission on Aboriginals in 1991.
One of the main conclusions of the report was “the main policy direction, pursued for over 150 years, first by colonial then by Canadian governments, has been wrong”
The writers of the report said that Aboriginal peoples in Canada must have the right to decide for themselves what they need.
They have also mentioned that they, Canadian government and Aboriginal People, must work together with mutual respect to reconstruct Aboriginal communities and improve the social, economic, and cultural well-being of the communities and the individuals who live in them.

11. Recommendations Housing Education Healthcare
Legislation that recognized sovereignty of Aboriginal Peoples
Housing
Institutions of Aboriginal Self-government
Healthcare
Initiatives to address aboriginal peoples social needs
Education
Recommendations
Royal Commission on Aboriginal People.

12. The aboriginal healing foundation
The result of Royal commission was the creation of Aboriginal Healing Foundation
The motto of the foundation is “Helping Aboriginal People Heal Themselves.”
To build this foundation, 1345 grants of a total of $406 million were provided to various programs across Canada. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was a success.

13. Imposition of liberalism
The imposition of liberalism may be done for two reasons:
Self-interest (Economic, political)
Humanitarianism (To help other countries)

14. Imposition of Liberalism: Self-interest
9/11 and Afghanistan
NATO attacked
In the name of self-defense
“9/11 was an attack on all of us”-Tony Blair (Noesgaard, 2010, p.233)
NATO coalition, all members
(Byrne, 2015)

15. Cont. War on terror extended into IRAQ Condemned by UN
WMD to terrorist groups
Bush likened Iraq campaign to the Cold War
Condemned by UN
Was Illegal by UN standards (Noesgaard, 2010, p.234)
Former Head of UN, Kofi Annan
(Kofi Annan Foundation, 2015)

16. Cont. Turkey was not admitted into EU, due to “Lack of Freedom”
EU demands that Turkey imposes liberal values
In order to receive economic benefits of the EU trade bloc

17. Humanitarian reasons
Often the avocation of liberalism is justified under this topic. 
With the help of media, governments can convince the world that their attempts at liberating oppressive countries comes without benefit to themselves. 
often the missions of liberation don’t only involve social reform, but also political and economical. 
Almost always prioritize the liberating countries self-interest. 
The belief is that liberal countries should not tolerate oppressive non-liberal ones. 

18. Reaction imposition of liberalism
Liberation does not have the highest success rate, especially when forced . 
Many civilians see the imposition as a threat. 
The way a liberating country tries to impose liberalism can often be questionable 
Many wars and major conflicts have been raised , because of this “humanitarian “ movement. 
Many believe that the aim of the reforms being imposed are in fact shrouded in doubt. Often times the only reason a country will advocate liberalism is solely for its own self interest . 
Reformed governments became pawns quite a number of times. 
Not all cases are unsucessful however, Indonesians were pressured into a successful democracy . 

19. Examples: Failures
Iraq
Haiti
Afghanistan
Rwanda

20. Example: Success
Indonesia

21. References
Gehl Gii-Zhigaate-Mnidoo-Kwe, L. (n.d.). Fight Sex Discrimination in the Indian Status Registration Provisions
of the Indian Act.
Retrieved October 26, 2015, from
-registration-provisions-indian-act
Noesgaard, D. (2010). Imposing Liberalism. In Understandings of ideologies (pp ).
Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.
Highlights from the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 3, 2015, from
Josefsen, L. (2013, December 13). Qimmit neqaat pisiassaalissanngikkallarput.
Retrieved November 3, 2015, from
Byrne, B. (2015, September 1). NATO Sets Up 6 Command Units On Eastern Flank.
Retrieved November 4, 2015, from
Kofi Annan to address civil society groups in Nigeria on Electoral Integrity. (2015, January 12).
-society-groups-nigeria-electoral-integrity