1. Case 2: Privacy and Security Cases

2. Disclosure of individually identifiable information can occur deliberately or accidentally and can occur within an organization or be the result of an external breach of security.

3. Cases on privacy
A Michigan-based health system accidentally posted the medical records of thousands of patients on the Internet (The Ann Arbor News, February 10, 1999).
An employee of the Tampa, Florida, health department took a computer disk containing the names of 4,000 people who had tested positive for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (USA Today, October 10, 1996).
A few weeks after an Orlando woman had her doctor perform some routine tests, she received a letter from a drug company promoting a treatment for her high cholesterol. (Orlando Sentinel, November 30, 1997).

4. A banker who also sat on a county health board gained access to patients' records and identified several people with cancer and called in their mortgages.
A candidate for Congress nearly saw her campaign derailed when newspapers published the fact that she had sought psychiatric treatment after a suicide attempt.
A 30-year FBI veteran was put on administrative leave when, without his permission, his pharmacy released information about his treatment for depression.

5. A privacy case on Google
The FTC charged that Google had placed tracking cookies on users’ computers, in some cases working around the privacy settings of Apple’s browser

6. A Privacy case on facebook
A German court ruled against Facebook Inc. for the way it uses members' addresses to solicit new users.
It also ruled Facebook can't force users to grant the social network a comprehensive license to their content.
Facebook didn't adequately explain to users the workings of a feature called "Friend Finder."
Friend Finder imports users' contacts to ask their friends to join Facebook.

7. A security case on KT
2 people hacked into the network system of KT Corp, leaking personal information of about 8.7 million mobile phone subscribers.
Seven others were booked without physical detention on charges of buying the leaked data for telemarketing purposes.
Police suspect the telemarketers used the data, which contained personal information on the subscribers, their phones and monthly plans, to contact customers whose contracts are close to expiration or considered likely to change phone plans.
Officials estimate the suspects earned at least 1 billion won (US$877,000) from the illegal marketing

8. Other security cases in S. Korea
Hackers struck the consumer finance firm Hyundai Capital Services Inc. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, or Nonghyup, early last year, stealing customers' personal data and crippling online transactions. Personal information by 35 million users was leaked in August 2011, hit by hacking attacks on two popular portal Web sites operated by SK Communications Co., the worst ever online security breach in Korea.

9. A security case on HPA

10. How did they find it?
The compromise came through a SQL injection attack on the company's website. Heartland immediately found out about it, and thought they had eradicated the malware.
Roughly six months later, in mid-May 2008, the malware made the leap from the corporate network to the payment processing network, but HPS didn't know that at the time.
Two weeks prior to the date the payment system was compromised, HPS was approved by their Qualified Security Assessor (QSA) as PCI compliant.
In late October 2008, HPS discovered they "might have a problem" based on information provided by one of the major card brands.
Three forensics firms hired by HPS analyzed their IT security network; all three said the HPS system was free of malware.
In January 2009, HPS staff members found the malware.

11. Action by the company
The company's lawyers recommended a minimal level of disclosure about the breach, but Carr decided against that policy. HPS had a tradition of open communications with employees and customers, and Carr decided that he wanted to maintain that policy and share information as fully as possible. "We did a good job of damage control," he said during his October 16 speech.
The company paid a heavy price. The stock price fell 78% in the weeks after disclosure, and 5,000 of the company's 250,000 merchants left. HPS was delisted by Visa and MasterCard. Four months later, VISA reinstated HPS.

12. Lessons learned from the case
"You can't just rely on firewalls."
"Knowledge of security threats should not be viewed as a competitive advantage."
When it comes to threats, companies should share information with peers and collaborate.
HPS did not have an incident response plan in place at the time of the breach. It does now.
The malware was able to move from HPS's corporate network to its payment processing system because of "human error."