1. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Chapter 13
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
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2. Where we left off in China during the Classical Period (last unit)
Spread of Buddhism in China—first legitimate acceptance by 1st century B.C.E.; would eventually become most popular religion in postclassical era
Epidemic diseases, internal weakening  collapse of Han dynasty
Autonomous regional kingdoms took over China in 3rd century C.E. (collapse = 220 C.E.; three large kingdoms replaced dynasty)
Synicization of nomadic & Chinese traditions
Weakening of Confucianism as Daoism & Buddhism gained popularity
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3. Chinese Dynasties During the Postclassical Period
(After the Era of Division)
1. Sui Dynasty ( )
2. Tang Dynasty ( )
3. Song Dynasty ( )
4. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty ( )
5. Ming Dynasty ( )

4. The Sui Dynasty (589–618 C.E.)
Collapse of Han dynasty, succeeded by regional kingdoms
Yang Jian consolidated control of all of China, brought China under centralized rule again by initiating Sui dynasty
Only lasted 30 years
Sui  Tang  Song
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5. The Sui Dynasty (589–618 C.E.)
Yang Jian: claimed Mandate of Heaven for himself; by 589, he ruled all of China (official start to Sui Dynasty)
Tight political discipline throughout dynasty
Built a strong, centralized government
Massive building projects
Military and conscripted (compulsory) labor
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6. The Grand Canal
Example of elaborate building projects in China under Sui
Built under 2nd emperor, Sui Yangdi (r. 604–618 C.E.)
Intended to promote trade between northern and southern China
Wanted to make rice & other food crops from south available to northerners
Most Chinese rivers flow west-east, so only an artificial waterway would work
Linked network of earlier canals, extended 1,240 miles
Roads on either side
Integrated N & S economies  economic foundation for future
Served as principal link for internal trade until railroads
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8. The Tang Dynasty (618–907 C.E.)
Wide discontent over conscripted labor & high taxes under Sui dynasty
Internal rebellion prompted by military failures in Korea
Emperor Sui Yangdi assassinated in 618 C.E.
Tang dynasty initiated, ruled for almost 300 years
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9. Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627–649 C.E.)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne
Strong ruler; able to establish effective, stable gov’t
Confucian ideals, heeded interests of subjects
Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order ended banditry in his reign
Implemented taxes, low prices
More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies  success
Maintenance of transportation and communication network
Distribution of land (equal-field system)
Reliance on merit-based bureaucracy
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10. Achievements of Tang Dynasty
Transportation and communications based on roads, horses & human runners [system-9,600 runners]
Extensive postal, courier services (court could communicate w/ distant cities in ~8 days)
Equal-field system
Purpose: to distribute land equally & avoid Han problems w/land
20% of land, hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility, peoples’ needs
Worked well until eighth century
Rising population, corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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11. Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations
Recruits from ranks of candidates who’d progressed through Confucian educational system (mastered curriculum of classic Chinese works on philosophy and literature)
Most candidates advanced through merit
Educational opportunity widely available, even to commoners
Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remained strong until early twentieth century
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12. Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations
Conquered Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its history
Revived Han tradition of tributary relationships w/neighboring lands
China = “Middle Kingdom” responsible for bringing order to subordinate lands
In exchange: gifts and recognition of power given to China
Kowtow ritual performed to show subordinance of “other” groups (ones that weren’t China…)
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13. The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589–907 C.E.
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14. Wu Zhao (626-706) Aka-Wu Zetian
Took over imperial throne after her husband, the emperor, suffered a stroke
Officially claimed in 690; at time: Confucian ideals (leadership was man’s job; women to obey men)
Successes
Order brutal punishment for dissenters
Strengthened civil service system
Accepted Buddhism, quashed rebellions
Ruled until age 80, when opponents forced her to give power to her son
30 years btw stroke and claim to throne: took over bureaucracy
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16. Statue of seated Buddha that the Empress Wu Zetian had carved into the 1000 Buddha Caves at Luoyang, China. The face is supposed to resemble the empress.
FENGXIANSI CAVE
Buddhist shrine built during the early Tang Dynasty – Wu Zetian was among the contributing dynastic rulers.

17. Tang Decline
Governmental neglect & careless leadership: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine
Rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander, 755 C.E.
Chang’an captured, but rebellion crushed by 763 C.E. (weakened dynasty anyway)
Nomadic Turkish people (Uighur mercenaries), invited to suppress rebellion
sacked Chang’an and Luoyang in exchange for assistance
Tang decline continued through series of ninth-century rebellions; last emperor abdicated 907 C.E.
Rebellion under Huang Chao ( )  power granted to regional military commanders who basically became the rulers of China
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18. The Song Dynasty (960–1279 C.E.)
Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized, military leaders mistrusted
Under direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960–976 C.E.)
Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Established more centralized, imperial government than earlier Chinese dynasties
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy
more opportunities for education, able to take exams
Generous salaries for government appointments
Song Dynasty was never a very powerful state!
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19. The Song Dynasty, 960–1279 C.E.
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20. Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Population drained surpluses and treasury  need to raise taxes
Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century
Bureaucracy domination so strong, it was impossible to reform
Civil service leadership of military
Lacked military training, military talent in general
Unable to contain nomadic attacks especially from the Khitan from Manchuria (had to pay tribute)
Nomadic Jurchen conquerors forced Song dynasty to move its capital to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song dynasty)
Jurchen conquerors set up Jin empire
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21. The Economic Development of Tang and Song China
Economic development in late Tang-Song dynasties stimulated trade & production from (more prominent during Song)
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year  extended supply of food
New agricultural techniques:
Use of iron plows, oxen & water buffalos to prepare land for cultivation
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation, including use of waterwheels
Cultivation in difficult terrain, including terraced mountainsides
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22. Population Growth
Rapid expansion of Chinese population from 600 C.E. onward
Result of increased agricultural production
45 million in 600 C.E. to 115 million by 1200 C.E.
Effective food distribution system
Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties allowed for food to be transported  overall improvement in quality of life
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23. Urbanization
Increased food supply also encouraged the development of cities
Chang’an was world’s most populous city: 2 million residents
Southern Song capital at Hangzhou: over 1 million
Cities included restaurants, teahouses, theaters, craft shops and specialty stores (silk, gems, porcelain)
Li Bai: famous poet who wrote about social life of cities
Celebrating life, friendship & wine
Cities also set China up for centralized, commercial agriculture
Could purchase veggies & fruit from central market because of plentiful rice harvests
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24. Patriarchal Social Structures
Tightening of patriarchal society to preserve family fortunes
Increased emphasis on ancestral veneration
Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors
Foot binding gained popularity
Increased control by male family members
Seen as attractive for women to do this
Depended on cane to walk independently; some required slaves to carry them around
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25. Imperial University in Beijing
Throughout the Tang and Song dynasties, the power of the scholar/gentry-elite continued to increase. This gives rise to what historians call neo-Confucianism.
Imperial University in Beijing

26. One effect of neo-Confucianism was that the status of women would further decline in China. We know this to be true due to the emergence of the practice of footbinding.

27. The illustration below shows the foot-binding process: foot bones were fractured and the foot bound tightly for several years, foreshortening the foot and exaggerating the arch. The drawing is adapted from Chinese texts.
Comparison of a pair of shoes, approximately 100 years old, worn by Chinese women who had bound feet with a woman's contemporary size 5 1/2 shoe. The practice of foot-binding prevented a woman's feet from growing larger than 10 cm., about 3.9 inches.

28. Diagram - shows a normal-sized female foot, overlaid with a red drawing showing the results of footbinding.
The practice was banned in 1902, though it continued well into the 1920s.

29. Technology and Industry
Porcelain (chinaware) appealing because it was lighter & thinner—and more adaptable—than earlier pottery
High demand  high exports during Tang & Song
Increase of iron production from 9th-12th centuries
Most production into agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented during Tang Dynasty, SW Asia & Europe by late 13th c.
Earlier printing techniques from Sui Dynasty refined
Moveable type by mid-eleventh century (years before Europe!)
Allowed texts to be produced quickly & in large #s
Naval technology  increased long distance travel to India, east Africa.
Magnetic compass created to help with navigation
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30. The Emergence of a Market Economy
Rapid economic expansion during classical China, economic growth throughout Eastern Hemisphere
Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages
Aka “Flying cash”—served almost like ATMs
Promissory notes (pledges of payment), checks also used
Development of independently produced paper money
Not as stable; riots when merchants could not honor notes
11th century: government control
Forbade private parties from issuing paper money (only the state!)
First paper money under gov’t in 1024
Problem: counterfeit notes produced, currency represented more value than it was actually worth
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31. China and the Hemispheric Economy
Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities due to extensive trade
Revival of Silk Road, increased sea trade  people in cities used to foreign merchants in and out of their lands
Re-emergence of Silk Road led to increased local demands for imported luxury goods
Items (incense, pearls, horses, lemons) = symbols of elegant lifestyle
China’s economic surge led to general economic growth throughout the entire Eastern hemisphere
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32. Cultural Change in Tang & Song China
Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty
period of nomadic invasion went against teachings of Confucianism (maintaining order, provide effective government)
Confucian-based civil service & educational systems in decline
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear
Nestorian Christian monestaries in cities by proclamation of Tang Taizong
Clientele primarily of foreign merchant class
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33. Buddhism in China
Sizable Mahayana Buddhist community in Dunhuang, western China, 600–1000 C.E.
Buddhist temples, libraries, created cave paintings
Buddhism attracted interest for moral but also practical reasons
Economic success as converts donated land holdings (stored emergency stash of crops)
Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to poor
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35. Conflicts with Chinese Traditions
Buddhism:
Text-based (Buddhist teachings)
Emphasis on Metaphysics— nature of the soul
Morality based on ascetic lifestyle
Celibacy
Isolation
Believed to be “bad” for economy since they didn’t pay taxes
Confucianism:
Text-based (Confucian teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics, politics—practical things
Morality: family- centered
Procreation  ancestral veneration
Filial piety
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36. Schools of Buddhism Buddhists adapted ideology to Chinese climate
Dharma translated as dao, Nirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated extended family lifestyle
Taught that having one son in monastery would bring salvation for ten generations of kin
Chan school (Zen) made a place for Daoist values within Chinese Buddhism
Pure Land school
Gave personal salvation to those who devoted themselves to Buddha
Practiced by Empress Wu Zhao—treatise that Buddha was reincarnated as woman ruler
(eventually proclaimed herself as universal ruler & protector of Buddhism)
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37. Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported during late Tang dynasty
Reduced resources for Daoist tradition  resentment
Confucians: “alien superstition”
Systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions begun in 840s
Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings
Persecution discouraged further expansion of “different” faiths, but it didn’t eradicate it since the policy against them by the Tang was not imposed throughly
Buddhism also super popular by this point anyway, helped Confucianism during Song Dynasty
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38. Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrained from persecuting Buddhists, but favored Confucians and supported Chinese cultural traditions
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
“Old Confucianism” focused solely on practical issues of politics & morality
Neo-Confucianism dealt with logic as well, but also dealt w/ nature of the soul & individual's relationship w/cosmos
Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130–1200 C.E.)
Family Rituals: provided detailed instructions for funerals, weddings, ancestral veneration
Placed importance on proper roles in family & society, nature of reality
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39. Why was Neo-Confucianism Important?
1. illustrates deep influence of Buddhism on Chinese society
Writings adapted Buddhist themes to Confucian interests & values
2. It influenced east Asian thought for a long time
Neo-Confucianism a part of society through 20th century, and not just in China—also in areas that China influenced (Korea, Vietnam, Japan)
Shaped political, philosophical & moral thought
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40. Chinese Influence in Korea
Periodic invasions into Korea & Vietnam during 7th century, along with commercial trade with Japan, Korea & Vietnam led to the spread of Chinese culture
Campaigns of imperial expansion brought Tang armies into Korea and Vietnam
Tang conquered most of the Silla dynasty in Korea  political compromise
Tang armies withdrew; in exchange, the Silla king recognized Tang emperor as overlord
Technically a vassal/subordinate state, but highly independent
Korea & China: tributary relationship, kowtow ritual
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
Confucianism popular among elites; Buddhism widespread
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41. Chinese Influence in Vietnam
Chinese & Vietnamese relationship more tense
Received more resistance to Chinese expansion than Korea did
Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology, education system, administrative system
Ongoing resentment at political domination  Vietnamese revolts vs. Tang
Asserted independence when Tang dynasty fell in tenth century
Chinese traditions, Buddhism remained influential
Many still practiced indigenous religions, not Chinese
Women played a much bigger role in society than China, especially in business ventures
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42. Early Japan/Nara Japan
Chinese armies never invaded Japan, yet Chinese culture pervasive
Imitation of Tang administration
Institution of equal-field system
Official support of Buddhism & Confucianism
Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710–794 C.E.)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Continued to observe Shintoism, the indigenous religion (nature spirits & deities; ancestral veneration)
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43. Borderlands of Postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
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44. Heian Japan (794–1185 C.E.)
Japanese emperor moved court to Heian in 794 (modern Kyoto)
Considered a more “refined” society than Nara Japan
Drew inspiration from China but included Japanese cultural & political traditions
Emperor = mostly recognized as head political authority
Real power in hands of Fujiwara family (emperor really a figurehead)
Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne
Helps explain longevity of institution since emperors haven’t been subject to being deposed without “real” authority
Literature written in Chinese; education in Chinese; Japanese borrowed characters
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45. The Tale of Genji
Japanese literature influenced by Chinese models and Chinese language
Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
Adaptation of some Chinese characters into Japanese syllabic script
Aristocratic Japanese women made most notable contributions
The Tale of Genji, composed by Murasaki Shikibu in Japanese script
Basic plot: Genji, an imperial prince, lives in wealth with friends and as they age they look back on the joys of their youth
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46. Decline of Heian Japan
Failure of equal-land system  aristocratic clans accumulating lands into vast estates
Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century
These two groups overshadowed the other clans
Minamoto clan won
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E.
Shogun: military governor who ruled in place of emperor (imperial system didn’t end!)
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto
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47. Medieval Japan
Historians refer to Medieval Japan during the Kamakura (1185–1333 C.E.) and Muromachi (1336–1573 C.E.) periods
Between age of Chinese influence & beginning of “modern” beginning of Tokugawa dynasty in 16th century
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
Had power & authority in local regions, controlled land & economic affairs
Military authority in hands of samurai, professional warriors
Feudal system: police & military service in exchange for lord’s support from agricultural surplus & labor services from peasants
(didn’t have to worry about feeding, clothing or housing families!)
Still see elements of Chinese culture, but not as strong during Medieval Japan
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