1. Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
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2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”

3. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

4. 1.3: Levels of Organization Chemical
Atoms
made up of subatomic particles
Molecules
2 or more atoms
Macromolecules
small molecules joined together

5. 1.3: Levels of Organization Cellular
Macromolecules combine to form cells
Basic structural and functional unit of the body 5

6. 1.3: Levels of Organization Tissue
Group of cells working together to perform a function
4 basic types
epithelial (epi)
connective tissue (CT)
muscle (mm)
nerve (n) 6

7. 1.3: Levels of Organization Organ
2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape 7

8. 1.3: Levels of Organization Systems
Related organs with a common function
11 systems 8

9. Organ Systems Components Functions skin hair glands protection
Integumentary system
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Components
skin
hair
glands
Functions
protection
regulates body temperature
eliminates waste
vitamin D
sensations

10. Organ Systems Components Functions Bones Joints Cartilage Support
Skeletal system
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Components
Bones
Joints
Cartilage
Functions
Support
Protection
Body movement
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals & fats

11. Organ Systems Components Functions skeletal muscles body movement
Muscular system
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Components
skeletal muscles
Functions
body movement
posture
generates heat 11

12. Organ Systems Components Functions brain spinal cord nerves
Nervous system
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Components
brain
spinal cord
nerves
special sense organs
Functions
action potentials (nerve impulses)
detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment

13. Organ Systems Components Functions hormone-producing glands and cells
Endocrine system
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Components
hormone-producing glands and cells
Functions
regulates body activities 13

14. Organ Systems Components Functions blood heart blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
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Components
blood
heart
blood vessels
Functions
pumps blood
carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away
regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O

15. Organ Systems Components Functions lymph fluid & vessels spleen thymus
Lymphatic system
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Components
lymph fluid & vessels
spleen
thymus
lymph nodes
tonsils
Functions
transports dietary lipids
protection 15

16. Organ Systems Components Functions lungs pharynx larynx trachea
Respiratory system
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Components
lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
Functions
exchange of gases
acid-base balance
sound production

17. Organ Systems Components Functions Digestive system mouth pharynx
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Components
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
Functions
breakdown of food
absorption of food
eliminates wastes 17

18. Organ Systems Components Functions kidneys ureters urinary bladder
Urinary system
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Components
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Functions
eliminates waste
regulates blood composition & volume
acid-base balance 18

19. Organ Systems Components Functions ovaries testes
Reproductive system
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Components
ovaries
testes
associated structures
Functions
produce gametes
hormone regulation of reproduction

20. 1.3: Levels of Organization Organism20

21. 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized

22. Characteristics of Life Continued
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

23. 1.5: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

24. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

25. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

26. * Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis*
“physiological normal”
dynamic
involves maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
intracellular (ICF)
extracellular (ECF)
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

27. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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components
receptor
monitors changes
input to control center
control center
evaluates input and generates output
effector
receives output from control center
produces a response

28. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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continually disrupted by internal and external environments
balance regulated by
nervous
action potentials
rapid
endocrine
hormones
slow

29. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily. 29

30. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

31. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Reduces the actions of the effectors
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

32. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
Produces more instability in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

33. Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback
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34. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Body cavities
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Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity V
ertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)

35. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

36. Thoracic Serous Membranes
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Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium

37. Abdominal Serous Membranes
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Spinal cord V
ertebra
Plane of
section
Right kidney
Aorta
Left
kidney
Inferior
vena cava
Spleen
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum

38. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system

39. Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)
Superficial versus Deep
Internal versus External

40. Body Sections or Planes (3)
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

41. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
Body Sections
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

42. Body Sections (a) (b) (c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

43. Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)

44. Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
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Regions (9)
Right
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
(a)
Quadrants (4)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b)

45. Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital
(back of head)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg) T
arsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(a)
(b)

46. Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.