1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
COURSE CODE : IAS 2123
COURSE NAME : COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
LECTURER : MDM ROZIYANI HAJI SETIK
HP NO :

2. Typical Computer Ad
Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?
Is the computer cost-effective?
Will it be obsolete in 6 months?

3. Why Study Computer Organization?
User
Understand system capabilities and limitations
Make informed decisions
Improve communications with information technology professionals
Systems Analyst
Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user requirements
Specify computer systems to meet application requirements
Programmer
Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

4. Why Study Computer Organization?
System Administrator / Manager
Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems
Maximize system availability
Optimize system performance
Ensure system security
Web Designer
Optimize customer accessibility to Web services
System administration of Web servers
Select appropriate data formats
Design efficient Web pages

5. Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
Processing: CPU executes the computer program
Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

6. Difference between computer organization and computer architecture
Attributes of a system visible to a programmer or those attributes that have direct impact on the logical execution of program
Eg. Instruction set, no. of bit used to represent various data types (no., characters), I/O mechanism, techniques for addressing memory
Eg. of Issue: Whether a computer will have multiply instruction
Many computer manufacturer offers a family of computer model with same architecture but with differences organization, with different price and different performance.
Eg. IBM System/370 Architecture

7. Computer Organization
Study on
internal computer systems such as the hardware resources available,
the function and the objective of the resources and their relationship.
Focusing on
the organization and relationship between computer physical resources,
the integration of the system function, and the communication and data flow controlling between the physical component.
Operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specification and hardware detail transparent to the programmers (William Stalling,1996)

8. Example
control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripheral, and the memory technology used
Issue:
Whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit.
Organizational decision may be based on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the speed between two approaches, the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit.

9. Computer Organization
helps optimize performance-based products. For example, software engineers need to know the processing ability of processors. They may need to optimize software in order to gain the most performance at the least expense. This can require quite detailed analysis of the computer organization. For example, in a multimedia decoder, the designers might need to arrange for most data to be processed in the fastest data path.

10. Cont..
Computer organization also helps plan the selection of a processor for a particular project. Multimedia projects may need very rapid data access, while supervisory software may need fast interrupts. Sometimes certain tasks need additional components as well. For example, a computer capable of virtualization needs virtual memory hardware so that the memory of different simulated computers can be kept separated. The computer organization and features also affect the power consumption and the cost of the processor

11. Architecture Components
Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output
Software
Instructions executed by the system
Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations
Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems

12. Hardware Component Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
CU: control unit
Interface unit
Memory
Short-term storage for CPU calculations

13. Typical Personal Computer System

15. Scanner
CPU (Microprocessor)
Primary storage (RAM)
Expansion cards (graphics cards, etc.)
Power supply
Optical disc drive
Secondary storage (Hard disk)
Motherboard
Speakers
Monitor
System software
Application software
Keyboard
Mouse
External hard disk
Printer

16. CPU: Central Processing Unit
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
CU: control unit
Controls processing of instructions
Controls movement of data within the CPU
Interface unit
Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components
Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

17. Memory
Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory) Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte) Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept)

18. Software Component Applications Operating System
API: application program interface
File management
I/O
Kernel
Memory management
Resource scheduling
Program communication
Security
Network Module

19. Communications Component
Hardware
Communication channels
Physical connections between computer systems
Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves
Interface hardware
Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel
Modem or network interface card (NIC)
Software
Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI

20. Computer Systems All computer systems, no matter how complex,
consists of the following:
At least one CPU
Memory to hold programs and data
I/O devices
Long-term storage

21. Protocols
Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs
Examples
HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks
ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
AT Attachment with Packet Interface

22. ATAPI
standard interface used to connect storage devices drives inside personal computers ATA connector on the left, with two motherboard ATA connectors on the right.

23. Standards
Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols
May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use
Examples:
Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript
Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF
Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB

24. Early History 1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punch cards
1800’s:
Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine (mechanical computer)
Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental concepts of programming
George Boole invents Boolean logic.

25. Early Computers
ENIAC
Babbage’s Analytical Engine

26. Programmable: punch cards Joseph Jacquard (1752-1834): punch card loom
punch card tabulator

27. Modern Computer Development
1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).
First electronic computer using relays.
1939: ABC is built
First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.
: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania).
First general purpose digital computer.
1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.
Still the standard for present day computers.
1947: Creation of transistor
(Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).
1951: UNIVAC.
First commercially available computer.

28. Von Neumann Architecture
Three key concepts:
Data and instruction are stored in a single read-write memory
The content of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to the type of data contained there
Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next

29. CPU is the central processor unit (Arithmetic unit), ROM is a read only memory, RAM is a random access memory and the I/O-units are the input- and output devices

30. The Von Neumann computer architecture model

31. Virtual Machine Concept
Virtual Machines Specific Machine Levels

32. Virtual Machines Tanenbaum: Virtual machine concept
a virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that executes programs like a real machine.
[Popek and Goldberg] an efficient, isolated duplicate of a real machine. Current use includes virtual machines which have no direct correspondence to any real hardware
An essential characteristic of a virtual machine is that the software running inside is limited to the resources and abstractions provided by the virtual machine—it cannot break out of its virtual world.

33. Virtual Machines Programming Language analogy:
Each computer has a native machine language (language L0) that runs directly on its hardware
A more human-friendly language is usually constructed above machine language, called Language L1
Programs written in L1 can run two different ways:
Interpretation – L0 program interprets and executes L1 instructions one by one
Translation – L1 program is completely translated into an L0 program, which then runs on the computer hardware

34. Translating Languages
English: Display the sum of A times B plus C.
C++: cout << (A * B + C);
Assembly Language:
mov eax,A
mul B
add eax,C
call WriteInt
Intel Machine Language: A F E

35. Virtual Machine Levels

36. High-Level Language C++, Java, Pascal, Visual Basic . . . Level 5
Application-oriented languages
C++, Java, Pascal, Visual Basic . . .
Programs compile into assembly language (Level 4)

37. Assembly Language Level 4
Instruction mnemonics that have a one-to-one correspondence to machine language
Calls functions written at the operating system level (Level 3)
Programs are translated into machine language (Level 2)

38. Operating System
Level 3 Provides services to Level 4 programs Translated and run at the instruction set architecture level (Level 2)

39. Instruction Set Architecture
Level 2 Also known as conventional machine language Executed by Level 1 (microarchitecture) program

40. Microarchitecture
Level 1 Interprets conventional machine instructions (Level 2) Executed by digital hardware (Level 0)

41. Digital Logic Level 0 CPU, constructed from digital logic gates
System bus
Memory
Implemented using bipolar transistors