1. Case 21 2nd Quarter Benchmark
Study Guide- Correct Answers

2. 1. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and Prokaryotic Cells do not

3. 2. What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
Plant Cells and Animal Cells

4. 3. What type(s) of cell(s) does photosynthesis occur in?
Plant Cells ONLY

5. 4. In which organelle (which part of the cell) does photosynthesis take place?
The Chloroplast

6. 5. What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
Sunlight + CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water)

7. 6. What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen

8. 7. What type(s) of cell(s) does cellular respiration occur in?
Plant Cells AND Animal Cells

9. 8. In which organelle (which part of the cell) does cellular respiration occur in?
The Mitochondria

10. 9. What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen

11. 10. What are the products of cellular respiration?
ATP energy + CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water)

12. Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen and Anaerobic Respiration does not
11. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen and Anaerobic Respiration does not

13. 12. What is fermentation?
Fermentation is another name for Anaerobic Respiration. It is a process through which cells release energy WITHOUT Oxygen.

14. Basic Characteristics
Microbe
Definition
Basic Characteristics
How It Spreads
Diseases It Can Cause
Treatment of Disease
Prevention Methods
Bacteria
Single-celled organisms that have no nucleus
-Multiple shapes
-Some are harmful and cause disease
-Some are helpful and cure disease and break down decaying material
-Contaminated foods
-Contaminated soil
-Contaminated water
-Contact with other organisms, etc.
-Strep throat
-Staph infections
-Food Poisoning
-Tuberculosis
-Bacterial pneumonia
-Leprosy
-Lyme disease, etc.
Antibiotics
-Proper hand washing & hygiene
-Proper handling of food
-Cover your mouth when you cough, etc.

15. Basic Characteristics
Microbe
Definition
Basic Characteristics
How It Spreads
Diseases It Can Cause
Treatment of Disease
Prevention Methods
Virus
Non-living substance that has to inject its genetic material into a living host cell in order to reproduce
-Can cause disease
-Must infect host cell to reproduce & spread
-Much smaller than bacteria
A virus must infect the host cell to replicate – inject DNA into host cell
Viruses can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, and injection
-AIDS
-The common cold -The flu
-Chickenpox
-H1N1, etc.
“let the virus run its course”
Rest
Treat symptoms
Antiviral drugs for long term viruses like HIV, etc.
-Hygiene
-Proper hand washing
-Vaccinations

16. Basic Characteristics
Microbe
Definition
Basic Characteristics
How It Spreads
Diseases It Can Cause
Treatment of Disease
Prevention Methods
Fungi
Any of a group of unicellular or multicellular spore-producing organisms “feeding” on organic matter
-Living
-Decomposers – break down organic matter
Examples: yeast, molds, mushrooms, etc.
-Some are harmful
-Some are helpful
Enters the body in multiple ways:
-Ingestion
-Inhalation
-Contaminated soil
-Contact with eyes, mouth, etc.
-Ring worm
-Yeast infections
-Athlete’s foot
-Eye, lung, skin, hair, and nail infections
Antifungal medications and creams
-Clean skin injuries
-Wear a mask and/or gloves when working in damp, dusty areas
-Proper hygiene

17. Basic Characteristics
Microbe
Definition
Basic Characteristics
How It Spreads
Diseases It Can Cause
Treatment of Disease
Prevention Methods
Parasite
An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense
Most parasites want to keep the host cell alive
Host cell: the cells of the host organism, much like a virus must infect the host cell to multiply
-Enters the body through vectors
-Enters the body through contaminated food, soil, and water
-Giardia infections
-Malaria, infections, etc.
Prescription medications to kill parasite and to treat the infections
-Proper hand washing and hygiene
-Proper filtration of water
-Proper handling of food
-Preventative medications (before trips)

18. 14. What is a vector? List at least three (3) examples of organisms that are common vectors.
An organism (excluding humans) that spread diseases without showing symptoms – passes the disease onto the other organism
Examples: mosquito, tick, flea, rat, other animals (i.e. rabies)

19. 15. Describe the relationship between a virus and a host cell.
Because a virus is nonliving and cannot reproduce on its own, it must inject its DNA into the host cell in order to replicate
The virus “hijacks” the host cell to “grow” and reproduce

20. 16. Explain how a vaccine works to prevent viral infections.
A vaccine contains a dead or weakened strain of a virus (that does not cause disease)
When the vaccine is given to a person their cells go to work fighting the virus off (kind of like practice) to build up an immunity to the virus so when they are exposed to the actual virus the body already has a defense prepared to fight the virus

21. 17. Bacteria come in many shapes. Describe each of the following:
Coccus:
Bacillus:
Spirillum:
Spirochete:
Spherical shaped
Rod-shaped
Spiral shaped
Corkscrew shaped

22. 18. What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease in a certain area, whereas a pandemic is a type of epidemic that is more widespread and infects a greater number of people
There are two main differences between epidemic and pandemic. The term pandemic normally is used to indicate a far higher number of people affected than an epidemic. Pandemic also refers to a much larger region being affected. In the most extreme case, the entire global population would be affected by a pandemic.

23. 19. Label each disease as either infectious or genetic:
a. The Common Cold: __Infectious_______
b. Food Poisoning: __Infectious_________
c. Downs Syndrome: __Genetic__________
d. Sickle Cell Anemia: ___Genetic__________
E. Athlete’s Foot: ___Infectious_____
F. Cystic Fibrosis: ___Genetic___
G. Rabies: ___Infectious___
H. Mononucleosis: ___Infectious___

24. 20. List three examples of biotechnology (hint: think about the “Heal, Feed, and Sustain” video).
Examples of biotechnology: new biofuels (ethanol), skin graph technology, new vaccines and medicines, larger, healthier ears of corn, golden rice, animal cloning technology, etc.

25. 21. How is biotechnology used in agriculture (farming/growing plants)?
Biotechnology is used in agriculture to modify the genetic compositions of plants. Currently, the genetic engineering technology is used primarily in engineered crops. The traits most commonly introduced into crops are herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, and virus tolerance. Agricultural engineering is also used to grow crops that are different colors, have more nutrients, and are temperature resistant.

26. 22. Explain what “genetically modified” plants means.
Genetically modified plants are plants that have had changes made to their genetic makeup so that they grow differently. Biotechnology includes the science of genetically modifying plants.

27. 23. In your own words, define what “ethics” means.
Ethics are the moral principles of an individual. This includes what the person feels is right or wrong, their opinions on issues and their moral stance.

28. 24. Give an example of an ethical debate in biotechnology.
There are several ethical debates in biotechnology. There are debates over using animal models as test subjects (this could be potentially harmful to animals, but also avoids using human test subjects), there are debates over genetically modifying crops (they have the potential to feed more people and provide more nutrition, but they could also trigger allergies and change how nature intended them to be) and lastly, there are several ethical debates over cloning (Is it safe? What would be done with “mistakes”? Would we be “playing God”?)

29. 25. List at least three possible biotechnology careers.
Genetic Counselor, Immunologist, Entomologist, Animal Behaviorist, Microbiologist, Zoologist, Quality Control Associate, Marine Biologist, Food Biotechnologist, Biomedical Engineer, Agricultural Engineer, Process Technician