1. Good Morning! No bell ringer this morning.
Don’t forget your lab report is due NEXT CLASS!!!
Today’s Agenda
Protein Notes
Protein Origami 

2. Proteins Proteins are what actually do the WORK in the cells
Protein is a major source of energy.
If you consume more protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it for energy.
If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells.
Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from protein.

3. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Functions of proteins:
1. Transport: hemoglobin
2. Regulatory: hormones
3. Movement: muscles
4. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
5. Enzymes: cellular reactions
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4. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

5. Structure of Amino Acids
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
R group
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic

6. Question: What elements are found in all proteins?
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen!
Hydrogen
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7. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Structure
Composed of 2 or more “proteins working together”
subunits
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12. Protein Shape affects its function!!
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13. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

14. Denaturing Proteins
The structure (shape) of a protein determines its function!
Change the shape = affect the function!
Denature – change the shape of a protein
Temperature pH

16. Body Builders and the Keto Diet
high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet
Results in ketosis
normal metabolic process, something your body does to keep working. When it doesn't have enough carbohydrates from food for your cells to burn for energy, it burns fat instead.
Body produces ketones in the liver to be used as energy
also commonly observed in patients with diabetes, as the process can occur if the body does not have enough insulin or is not using insulin correctly.

17. Protein Poster Project
You will be randomly drawing a protein to research
We will be going to the computer lab where you will go to my website and download the format for the poster.
TYPE DIRECTLY INTO THE FORMAT!