1. The Transformation of Europe: Intellectual Life

2. Between 1450 and 1750 Europe: Has an agriculturally-based economy
Ends feudalism
Becomes commercially active
Plants the seeds of capitalism
Develops a strong manufacturing sector
Makes science the focus of intellectual life
Is marked by internal conflict
Sees Christian unity and the dominance of religion in the public sphere come to an end
_______ the dominance of independent and sovereign states

3. The Renaissance
Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change
An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages.
Humanism- belief that the proper study of man is by man
Believed that education stimulated creative powers
Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric
The Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo da Vinci,

4. The Renaissance Began in Italy, then spread north.
Northern humanists more religious
Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.
The wealthy Medici family from Florence & others funded science and arts

5. The Renaissance From Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks
Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported.
Much religious & humanist art
Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately.
Architects rejected Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.
The Renaissance
From Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks

6. The Printing Revolution
In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press
1st complete ed. of the Bible
Used ideas from China & Korea
Brought immense changes
People now learned to read
Spread a broad range of knowledge

7. The Scientific Revolution
A period when the ancients were challenged and proven wrong
Empiricism
Systematic method and inquiry
Englishman Francis Bacon & Frenchman Rene Descartes
Sought to fit the new science w/ the church’s teachings

8. The Scientific Revolution: Discoveries & Inventions
Heliocentric Theory of the Universe
Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Correction circulation of the blood
Human anatomy
Calculus
Mechanics
Telescope
Alcohol thermometer
Microscope
Mercury battery

9. The Enlightenment Rejection of: dogma superstition
traditional religion
factionalism
(in some cases) monarchy
disorder
Emphasized the world of rationality in which human knowledge is systematic and could help humanity.

10. The Enlightenment: Intellectual Changes
A desire for rationality, logic, consistency.
A rejection of emotionalism
A preference for evidence, not faith
An interest in science, mathematics, geometry
An admiration for Greece and Rome and an abhorrence for everything medieval.
A preference for the artificial over the natural; technology over wilderness.
A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” as being unharmonious.
A preference for democracy.
A preference for civilized, polite discussion of ideas. Conclusions reached by intelligent debate--not force.
A desire to create social standards based on reason--not tradition.
An embrace of monotheistic Deism rather than traditional Trinitarian doctrines.

11. The Enlightenment: Aesthetic Changes
A desire for geometric shapes, order; repetition in mathematical patterns.
A disdain of “messiness” and “chaos” in art, clothing and hairstyles
Greco-Roman architecture
Satire as a means of social critique
“I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.”  - Voltaire

12. The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church
By Renaissance times, the church was very wealthy & powerful.
Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts.
To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory)
Once given for good deeds…

13. The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther
In 1517, protests against Church abuses erupted.
German monk & professor
In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences…
Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church.
Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views.
Luther refused & was excommunicated.

14. The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther
The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw.
Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope.
Beliefs:
The Bible is the word of God, not the pope.
Salvation through faith, not works
Priests are regular people & could marry.
Only 2/7 sacraments were in the Bible

15. The Protestant Reformation: The Spread of Lutheranism
Many peasants followed him and revolts erupted across Germany.
The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, allowing the new religion to exist.
N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic.

16. The Peasant Revolt

17. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

18. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

19. The Protestant Reformation: The Spread of Lutheranism
John Calvin followed Luther in France & Switzerland except he also believed in predestination (all sinners or saints)
Calvinists believed in strict morality
Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans
Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

20. Reformation Ideas Spread: The English Reformation
King Henry VIII was the first to become Protestant in England.
for political reasons, he wanted a divorce…
Married Ann Boleyn, who bore him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward
Started the Church of England (Anglican)
After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.

21. Reformation Ideas Spread: The English Reformation
Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake.
When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church.
Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England.
Now a Protestant country

22. The Counter-Reformation
Many Catholics also knew they had to reform themselves.
The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses.
To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews)
Jews were persecuted by all
Moved into ghettos

23. Effects of changing ideologies
Northern Renaissance
Attacked church authority
Allowed state to control the church
Increased interest in pomp and ceremony
Produced greater interested in military conquest and exploration
Arnolfini Wedding Jan Van Eyck 1434 (Northern Renaissance)

24. Effects of changing ideologies
Reformation
Concept of shared authority
Protestant regions more likely to develop shared authority
Protestant rulers control possessions of the Catholic Church

25. Effects of changing ideologies
Enlightenment
State began to act to benefit all
citizens
Ideas of progress and
improvement
Enlightened despotism
Development of governments with
all-encompassing powers
Maria Theresa ( )

26. Constitutional States
England and the Netherlands
Limited powers, individual rights, representative institutions
Prominent merchant class  prosperity
Built commercial enterprises

27. Absolutism France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia
Belief that one ruler should hold power within a country
Divine Right of Kings
Causes:
War / Religious Conflict creates fear
People wanted strong leaders / protection
Effects:
Limited spread of ideas / religious beliefs
High Taxes