1. The Scientific Revolution

2. The Roots of Modern Science
Pre-1500s, people looked to the ancient Greek or Roman authors or the Bible for answers
Few European scholars questioned their answers

3. The Medieval View
People believed that the earth was an unmoving object at the center of the universe
This idea is called geo-centric view
Geo= earth centric=center

4. The Geocentric View of the universe

5. The Medieval View Supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy
Bible said God deliberately placed the earth in the center of the universe

6. Scientific Revolution
A New Way of Thinking
Mid 1500s, European scholars published work that challenged the old ideas
This era is called the
Scientific Revolution
Ideas are based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

7. Causes of the Scientific Revolution

8. Middle Ages Scholars translated works by Muslim scholars
Medieval universities added courses in astronomy, physics, and mathematics

9. Renaissance
Scholars uncovered many classical (Greek and Roman) manuscripts
European explorers traveled to Africa, Asia, and the Americas
Opened the Europeans ideas that there could be new truths to be found
Invention of the printing press helped spread challenging ideas

10. Nicholaus Copernicus
Studies the old Greek belief that the sun was the center of the universe
Heliocentric
helio= sun centric= centered
Observed the planets for 25 years and proved the planets and stars revolve around the sun

12. Created a foundation for other work
Still did not completely explain why this worked the planets orbited the way they did
Feared ridicule from the clergy, or church
Published his findings in 1543 (last year of his life) in the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
Created a foundation for other work

13. Johannes Kepler Followed Copernicus
Founded mathematical laws that govern planetary motion
Planets orbit the sun in elliptical patterns

14. Galileo Galilei A Pendulum swings at a constant rate
Falling objects fall at a fixed and predictable rate
Built a telescope
Observed that Jupiter has four moons, and the Sun has dark spots

16. Conflict with the Church
Galileo’s findings went against the church’s teachings:
Upsetting both Catholic and Protestant leaders
If people began to challenge church authority, other ideas would be questioned also
Galileo was forced to say his confession
Lived under house arrest for the remainder of his life

17. Complete the Interact with History on the back of your notes
Turn to page 544
Complete the Interact with History on the back of your notes

18. Francis Bacon Believed that scientists should experiment
Developed the Scientific Method
Lead people to a better understanding of the natural world

20. Isaac Newton
Brought together all ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
Law of Universal Gravitation
Three Laws of Motion

21. Other Scientists Robert Boyle Joseph Priestly Antoine Lavoissier
Andreas Vesalius
First to dissect the human body
Zacharias Janssen
Invented the first microscope
Evangelista Torricelli
Developed the mercury barometer
Gabriel Farhrenheit
Made the first thermometer
Anders Celsius
Another thermometer
Robert Boyle
Founded modern Chemistry
Joseph Priestly
Discovered oxygen
Antoine Lavoissier
Law of conservation of matter- matter cannot be destroyed, only change its form
Edward Jenner
Used cowpox to produce the world’s first vaccination

22. Speaker box: On the back of your notes answer the following questions in complete sentences.
“If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”
Isaac Newton
Who were the giants Newton was referring to?
Could this be said of any scientific accomplishment?