1. CRQ Practice and Predictions

2. For Tomorrow
Bring pens and pencils (don’t bring mechanical pencils) to exam
Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself
1 hour for 75 multiple choice
75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs
Get plenty of sleep tonight
Dress in layers
Eat breakfast tomorrow morning and bring drink/snack
Report to library at 7:15

3. Remember the Films
“World in the Balance” – case studied population issues in Japan, India, and Kenya
“Which Way Home?” – children risking lives to be smuggled into U.S. from Mexico/Central America
“God Grew Tired of Us” – lost boys of Sudan; refugees due to religion (Islam in north, Christian in south) and race (Arab in north, black in south); seek asylum in U.S.
“Promises” – Israeli-Palestinian conflict
“Secret State of North Korea” – life under Kim Jong Un
“Food Inc.” – industrialization of agriculture; agribusiness

4. Population Growth J-Curve (exponential growth) S-Curve
(varying growth)

5. Population FRQs
Migration in Europe (2003)– Why did Europe used to be the source of immigrants? Why is it now the destination of immigrants?
Immigration in U.S. (2005)
Global migration streams (2006) – Connect to core-periphery, chain migration, distance decay
Migration within the U.S. (2008)
Population pyramids and the DTM (2010)
Malthus (2011)
Elderly populations in MDCs (2013) – Reasons and Consequences
Refugees (2015) – Reasons (political, social, environmental), specific example from either Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, Syria or Sudan, impacts on receiving country

6. Population – any major topics missing?
Population policies – pro-natalist and anti-natalist
Epidemiologic Transition/Diseases
Changing Center of Population
Illegal immigration
Migration of children

7. Culture FRQs
Religion and the cultural landscape (2002) – sacred sites, burial practices, architecture, place names
Lingua francas and minority languages (2007)
Religion in the U.S. (2009)
Islamic migration to Europe (2012)
English as a lingua franca (2015)
Canada and bilingualism in Quebec (2016)

8. Culture – any major topics missing?
Folk culture
Isoglosses/language boundaries/multi-lingual states
Ethnic/universal religions
Religious/ethnic conflicts

9. Religious Conflicts Israel – Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims
Sri Lanka – Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu Tamil
Sudan – Arab Muslims in north and Black Christians in South
Ireland – Protestants and Catholics
Iraq – Sunni and Shiites

10. Ethnic Conflicts Nigeria – Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa
Rwanda – Hutus and Tutsis
Bosnia – ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) by Serbs
Russia - Chechnya

11. Can apply irredentism here because Serbian enclaves in Croatia were claimed by nationalist Serbs in the early 1990s

12. Separatist Movements Basque – from Spain Chechnya – from Russia
Kurds – from Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey
Tamil – from Sri Lanka

14. Political FRQs Nation-states in Europe and Middle East (2002)
Devolution and Supranationalism (2005)
Centripetal and Centrifugal forces in South Asia (2006)
National identity (2010) – what strengthens and weakens this
Superimposed boundaries in Africa (2014)
Gerrymandering (2015)

15. Political – any major topics missing?
Exclusive economic zones
Multinational states
Shapes of states
Terrorism

16. -12 miles off coast claimed by state
Nautical Boundaries
Territorial Waters
-12 miles off coast claimed by state
-However foreign ships have right of innocent passage (merchant ships, not battle or submarines)

17. Nautical Boundaries Exclusive Economic Zones
-Coastal states can claim resources up to 200 nautical miles beyond coast
-Median line principle applied if states 200 miles overlap

20. Terrorism
Goal: spread fear and anxiety and get publicity; targets ordinary people
In a globalized world, terrorists have been able to gain access to wide geographic areas
Globalization - Utilize technology
Government – State sponsored, provide funds
Islamic fundamentalism
Al Qaeda and ISIS

21. Arab Spring
Major protests in Southwest Asia and North Africa to force autocratic rulers from power
Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen
Use of social media to show oppression and raise awareness (Facebook, Twitter)

22. Agriculture FRQs Green Revolution (2001) Poultry (2004)
Von Thunen (2007)
Von Thunen vs. Burgess (2008)
Subsistence agriculture/shifting cultivation (2012)
Coffee (2014)
Subsistence (wet rice) vs. commercial (wheat) (2016)

23. Agriculture – any major topics missing?
Pastoralism
Intensive subsistence/rice farming
Women in agriculture
GMOs
Sustainable agriculture

24. Economic FRQs Rostow (2001) Tourism (2003)
Maquiladoras in northern Mexico (2004)
Economic development in the U.S. (2006)
New international division of labor (2007)
Education and girls in LDCs (2008)
Weber and ethanol (2010)
Changing industrial location in U.S. (2011)
Silicon Valley/agglomeration (2013)
Rostow vs. Wallerstein (2014)
Primary, secondary, tertiary and increasing development (2016)

25. Economic – any major topics missing?
Gender and development
U.N. Millennium Goals
Foreign Direct Investment
Dependency Theory
Deindustrialization

26. Urban FRQs Urban Sprawl (2001) Sector Model (2002)
Demography and Bid-Rent (2004)
Urban renewal in the U.S. (2005)
Squatter settlements in Latin America (2009)
Rank-size rule/primate city/Mexico City (2011)
Urban growth along railroads/highways - Borchert (2013)

27. Urban – any major topics missing?
Central Place Theory
Megacities
Inner cities in the U.S.
Gentrification

28. FIGURE 12-15a

29. FIGURE 12-15b

30. Comparing Models Past FRQs Von Thunen vs. Burgess
What other models could be compared?
Von Thunen vs. Burgess
Rostow vs. Core-Periphery
Von Thunen vs. Weber
Weber vs. Central Place
Borchert and Changing Center of Population

31. U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION
Moving South
Filling in Great Plains
Gold Rush
Crossing Appalachians
1790
Hugging the Coast
U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION
Colonial settlements along East Coast
Transportation improvements allowed westward expansion (early 1800s = Erie Canal; late 1800s = railroads)
Gold rush in California, advances in agriculture help settle Great Plains
Recent growth of South (right to work, industries relocating south, increased services in south)

32. Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution (Growth of U.S. cities)
= Industrial Cities Along Railroads (Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh)
= Modern Cities Along Roads (suburbs)

33. HIGH AND LOW ORDER SETTLEMENTS
Central Place Theory
CENTRAL PLACE
HINTERLAND
RANGE
THRESHOLD
HIGH AND LOW ORDER SETTLEMENTS
URBAN HIERARCHY

35. Gender
Gender is a huge factor that keeps countries from increasing development
Gender Inequality Index (rated 0-1)
0 means men and women fare equally
1 means women fare poorly
How is this measured?
Women in positions of power
% of women who have completed high school
Female labor force participation (% with jobs outside the home)
Adolescent fertility rate (15-19 years old)
Maternal mortality

36. How are women discriminated against around the world?
Deprived education
Honor killings
Female circumcisions
Physical abuse/rape
Trafficking/forced prostitution
Child marriages

37. Educating girls….
Reduces risk of early pregnancies (and thereby pregnancy related deaths)
Empowers women to make their own decisions (e.g. # of children they want)
Reduces risks for STDs (especially HIV/AIDS)
Improves overall health of families (e.g. will boil water before drinking)
Reduces domestic violence
Decreases infant mortality (deaths under 5 years old)
Helps women contribute to the economy/increase development

40. UN Millennium Goals
A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries by 2015
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
achieve universal primary education
promote gender equality and empower women
reduce child mortality
improve maternal health
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
ensure environmental sustainability
develop a global partnership for development

43. Rank Size Rule
The size of cities within a country will be in proportion to each other
Applies to United States (not exact)
Largest City:
x (population)
2nd Largest City:
1/2 x (population)
3rd Largest City:
1/3 x (population)
New York City, LA, Chicago
Population
Population
Population

44. U.S. Cities Population New York City, New York 8,175,133
Los Angeles, California
3,792,621
Chicago, Illinois
2,695,598
Houston, Texas
2,099,451
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1,526,006
Phoenix, Arizona
1,445,632
San Antonio, Texas
1,327,407
San Diego, California
1,307,402
Dallas, Texas
1,197,816
San Jose, California
945,942

45. Latin
American Model
Periferico – periphery squatter settlements, high poverty
Zone of situ accretion – transitioning toward maturity (mix of middle-low income)
Zone of maturity – services and infrastructure development
Elite residential sector – along spine of commercial activities

46. Multiple Nuclei Model

47. Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model)
The central city is surrounded by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are suburban residential areas and nodes, or edge cities, where consumer and business services and manufacturing cluster. Shows urban decentralization (increase in edge cities)

48. Edge City
Includes a central business district, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown

49. Supranational Organizations
European Union
NAFTA
OPEC
NATO UN

50. OPEC Members

51. Supranational Organizations
European Union
Free movement of goods, labor, capital
Purpose was to prevent conflict by making countries economically dependent on each other
Has integrated Europe
Migration from eastern Europe to western Europe because people are looking for jobs

52. Refugees Most from Africa or Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and Iraq)
Most can only migrate a short distance for safety (IDPs)
Those who can go far, seek asylum in Europe or U.S.
Political
Genocide – Sudan (Darfur)
Oppression – DRC, Nigeria, Palestinians
Terrorism – ISIS, al Qaeda

53. #2 Part A
Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state.
Economic development
Relocation of a state’s capital

54. How this helps national identity…
China
Any of the Asian Tigers
How this helps national identity…
More capitalism in their economy
As of 2001, China joined World Trade Organization (WTO)
Has allowed foreign investment into their country (EPZs, SEZs)
Relocation of factories to China has provided citizens with jobs
Used the international trade approach to increase their economic development
Have focused on skilled labor, electronics, and clothing
Rapid growth of economy
Strong economy creates jobs, supports a sense of well being, and supports confidence in leadership and loyalty to state
Economic prosperity helps to hide other problems the country may be experiencing
National pride reinforces national identity

55. How this helps national identity…
Brazil
Nigeria
How this helps national identity…
Relocated capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in order to relocate population to a central area
Helps develop the interior which was mostly uninhabited
Break ties with colonial past (importance of cities along the coast to provide to Portugal)
Relocated capital from Lagos to Abuja
Since Nigeria is comprised of so many ethnic groups, there has been constant conflict
Capital was relocated to a central location to accommodate different ethnic groups
Strengthens the state and provides stability

57. Nigeria: A Case Study for Language Conflicts
493 languages
3 main languages
Hausa (15%)
Yoruba (15%)
Igbo (15%)
55% speak one of the other 490 languages

58. #2 Part B
Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following may detract from the development of national identity and weaken a state.
Ethnicity
Transportation/infrastructure

59. How this hurts national identity…
Yugoslavia
Nigeria
How this hurts national identity…
Ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims led to genocide during the 1990s
Ethnic tensions between Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba has led to constant violence and fighting
Ethnic tension weakens loyalty to the state
Tension between ethnic groups can lead to balkanization, separatism, devolution, etc.
Placement of political boundaries without regard to ethnic territories leads to problems

61. Can apply irredentism here because Serbian enclaves in Croatia were claimed by nationalist Serbs in the early 1990s

62. Democratic Republic of Congo How this hurts national identity…
Chile
Democratic Republic of Congo
How this hurts national identity…
Elongated state therefore poor communications
Weak government and rebel groups have deterred the maintaining of infrastructure
Poor transportation infrastructure contributes to isolation and a sense of separation
Size or shape of a state may hinder development

63. a. Identify three examples of walls or other barriers built by countries in the 20th and 21st centuries
U.S. – Mexico wall
Berlin Wall (East Berlin – West Berlin)
North Korea – South Korea Demilitarized Zone
Israel – Palestine (or Israel – West Bank/ Israel - Gaza) wall

64. DIVISION OF GERMANY
DIVISION OF BERLIN

65. Berlin Wall

66. DMZ - Korea

67. Israeli – Palestinian wall

68. b. Explain the purpose of one of the examples you identified in part a
U.S. – Mexico wall
To slow/control the flow of illegal immigrants/goods from Mexico
Berlin Wall (East Berlin – West Berlin)
To prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West
North Korea – South Korea Demilitarized Zone
To act as a buffer zone in order to reduce the likelihood of violence
To prevent North Koreans from fleeing to the South
Israel – Palestine (or Israel – West Bank/ Israel - Gaza) wall
To reduce the threat of terrorist activity among Palestinians

69. C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders
Social or political consequences
Increased tension between neighboring countries or among citizens within a “walled” country
Increased isolation (reduction in the diffusion of culture)
Stigmatizing of excluded population (internally or externally)

70. C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders
Social or political consequences
Illegal crossing of the border becomes more dangerous
Separation of families, friends, relatives, cultural groups
Increased protection/security from either real or perceived threats

71. C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders
ii. Economic consequences
Cost of construction, maintenance, staffing
Creates jobs: construction, maintenance, staffing
Reduction in flow of illegal goods/labor
Loss of job opportunities for those excluded
Loss of cheap labor
Increased cost of smuggling (humans, drugs, other goods)

72. C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders
iii. Environmental consequences
Interrupts the migration of various species
Visual scarring on the landscape
Impact on natural habitats as a result of barrier construction or smuggling goods through unspoiled areas

73. The high-tech centers of Silicon Valley in California and the Research Triangle in North Carolina developed in the past 40 years.
Discuss the following three factors that contributed to the rise of such industrial regions.
1. Investment capital
2. Labor
3. Government
Define the concept of agglomeration and explain its role in the continuing expansion of such regions.

74. Discuss THREE ways in which the concept of core-periphery relations helps explain the development of the urban systems shown above. Be sure to use evidence from both maps to support your conclusions.