1. Chapter 2: Population http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap001127.html
Courtesy of NASA

2. Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Population density: a country’s total population relative to land size
Assumes an even distribution of population to the land
© H.J. de Blij, P.O. Muller, and John Wiley & Sons
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Physiologic Population Density
Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Physiologic Population Density
The number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land
Concept Caching: Rice Terraces- Bail, Indonesia
© Matt Ebnier
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Physiological Density vs. Population Density
98% of Egyptians live on just 3% of the land.
Physiological Density vs. Population Density

5. Field Note: Luxor, Egypt
Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.
Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley.
“The contrasting character of the Egyptian landscape could not be more striking. Along the Nile River, the landscape is one of green fields, scattered trees, and modest houses, as along this stretch of the river’s west bank near Luxor. But anytime I wander away from the river, brown, wind-sculpted sand dominates the scene as far as the eye can see. Where people live and what they do is not just a product of culture; it is shaped by the physical environment as well.”
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Population Distribution
Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Population Distribution
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Geographers often represent population distributions on dot maps, in which one dot represents a certain number of a population.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. World Population Distribution
© H.J. de Blij, P.O. Muller, and John Wiley & Sons
Fig 2.5a/b

9. Reliability of Population Data
Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Reliability of Population Data
Census: Federal government funding depends on population data.
Political implications of under-representation of populations.
United Nations, World Bank, and Population Reference Bureau collect data on world populations.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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East Asia
Almost 25% of world’s population
Population concentrated in Korea, Japan, China
Over 1.3 billion people in China
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South Asia
Physical geography barriers separate population clusters
Himalaya Mountains; Indus River Valley
Confined region with rapidly growing population
Bangladesh: 152 million people in an area the size of Iowa
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North America
Megalopolis
Huge urban agglomerations; Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C
This accounts for more than 20% of US population
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13. Population: Rise and Fall
Thomas Malthus: An Essay on the Principles of Population
Grows faster than food supply; food grows linearly, population grows exponentially
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14. Population Growth: World, Regional, National Scales
Births – Deaths = Natural Increase
Does not factor immigration (in-migration) or emigration (outmigration) into the equation
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Regional and National
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of births in a year per 1000
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Number of deaths in a year per 1000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children born to a woman of
childbearing age
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Data from: US Census Bureau
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Future Population Growth
Stationary Population Level (SPL)
The level at which a national population ceases to grow
Anticipated dates for population stabilization are often moved back
Ex. Brazil and India

18. The Demographic Transition Model
WOOOO…Our first model
From dying early to Fat, Drunk and Happy

19. Demographic Transition
Factors limiting population growth:
Famine, epidemics, plagues, wars
Factors enhancing population growth:
Agricultural advances, Industrial Revolution, sanitation, vaccinations

20. The Demographic Transition
© H.J. de Blij, P.O. Muller, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Graphic Representation

22. Stage One: Preindustrial
This stage is associated with pre-modern times
It is characterized by a balance between high birth rates and high death rates
There is a slow rate of natural increase, due to the high death rate
Life expectancy would be short, most of the deaths were of children
There was a lack of knowledge of disease prevention and cure, and food shortages

23. Stage One Continued Raising a child cost little more than feeding him
there were no education or entertainment expenses
in equatorial Africa, there were no clothing expenses either
As adults, they provide labor, carry on the family name, and provide insurance
Modern Examples: There are no modern examples

24. Stage Two: Developing Society
This change began with the First Agricultural Revolution
Characterized by a rise in population
Birth rate remains high, but death rates decrease
The rate of natural increase is growing slightly, due to the lowering death rate
Life expectancy in children increased, due to improvements in medical care and vaccinations
Stage Two: Developing Society

25. Children are still considered valuable as they still provide labor
Increased food production led to a healthier population
Children survive childhood, and begin reproducing at a young age, with the same high fertility rate as their parents
Modern Examples: Yemen, Afghanistan, and Sub-Saharan Africa
Stage Two Continued

26. Stage Three: Transitional Society
This stage is characterized by a declining birth rate
The death rate is also declining
The rate of natural increase is increasing, as people are living longer
Life expectancy is also high
Stage Three: Transitional Society

27. Explanations for the declining birthrate are somewhat speculative
In rural areas, a decline in the child death rate mean that not as many children are needed to provide insurance for old age
Increased urbanization increases the cost of living
Education and living expenses increase for children, and they are no longer able to provide labor
Stage Three Continued

28. Stage Three Continued Speculative explanations:
Increased literacy and employment lower the expectation for childbearing as the measure of a woman’s worth
Increased access to contraceptives allowed families to make decisions concerning the size of their families
Modern Examples: Costa Rica, Mexico, and Turkey
Stage Three Continued

29. Stage Four: Industrialized Society
This stage is characterized by stability.
The birth rate is low, and the death rate is low.
The fertility rate is below replacement levels
There is a low rate of natural increase
Life expectancy is extremely high, due to access to medical care
Stage Four: Industrialized Society

30. Stage Four Continued The population is high and stable.
Most of the females have a high level of education and literacy
Children are seen as financial liabilities, not assets
Modern Examples: United States, Canada, and Australia
Stage Four Continued

31. AND FINALLY……
The fifth and final stage.
FAT, DRUNK and HAPPY

32. Stage Five: Deindustrialized Society
This last stage is somewhat controversial, as not all geographers agree that there is a stage five
This stage is characterized by a move from an industrial society to a service based society (secondary to tertiary sectors)
Characterized by an extremely low birth rate, and low death rate
Rate of natural increase is negative, and life expectancy is high
Stage Five: Deindustrialized Society

33. The population is falling due to fertility decline, emigration and, particularly in Russia, increased male mortality.
The death rate is sometimes due to "diseases of wealth", such as obesity or diabetes, leading to a gradual fall in population in addition to above aging.
Modern Examples: The United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan
Stage Five Continued

34. Population Composition
The composition is the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education.
Age and sex are key indicators of population composition, and demographers and geographers use population pyramids to represent these traits visually.
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35. Population Composition (cont’d)
Young vs. elderly in any population will determine different social needs
Geographers are concerned with both spatial distribution and population composition
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Figure 2.16 Age–Sex Population Pyramids for Countries with High Population Growth Rates. Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops.
Data from: UN, World Population Prospects
Data from: UN, World Population Prospects
Figure 2.17 Age–Sex Population Pyramids for Countries with Low Population Growth Rates. Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

37. 1. A country with rapid population growth. 2
1. A country with rapid population growth. 2. A country that shows the demographic effects of World War II 3. A country at close to ZPG (zero population growth) 4. A country that has undergone a recent shift from high to low fertility A country with many temporary immigrant workers 6. A country with a declining population

38. RUSSIA

39. United States

40. Afghanistan

41. Bangladesh

42. Botswana

43. China

44. Gaza Strip

45. Italy

46. Geographies of Health
Infant Mortality
Child Mortality
Life Expectancy

47. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data from Centers for Disease Control
Study Figure 2.19, the infant mortality rate (IMR) by state in the United States. Hypothesize why the IMR is low in some regions of the country and high in others. Shift scales in your mind, and take one state and choose one state to consider: how do you think IMR varies within this state?
What other factors are involved at this scale and this level of generalization to explain the pattern of IMRs? Use the population Internet sites listed at the end of this chapter to determine whether your hypotheses are correct.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

48. Influence on Health and Well-Being
Health is closely related to location and environment
When an outbreak of a particular disease occurs its source and diffusion are studied by specialists in medical geography
Medical geographers study diseases, and they also use locational analysis to predict diffusion and prescribe prevention strategies
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Infectious Diseases
65% of all diseases are infectious
Malaria - Vectored
HIV/AIDS- Nonvectored
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50. Chronic and Genetic Diseases
Also called degenerative diseases
Afflict middle and old age populations
100 years ago in the United States: tuberculosis, pneumonia, and heart diseases
Today: Cancer, heart disease, stroke and accidents are the leading causes of death in the United States
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

51. Population and Government
Expansive population policies:
Encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase
Eugenic population policies:
Designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others
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52. Population and Government (cont’d)
Restrictive population policies
e.g., One-Child Policy in China
Limitations: Sweden
Contradictions: Roman Catholic doctrine
© H.J. de Blij
Chengdu, China
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Data from: Population Reference Bureau
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.