1. People and Ideas on the Move
Ch. 3
People and Ideas on the Move

2. The Hittite Empire

3. Hittite Empire

4. Hittite Empire Located in Anatolia (AKA Asia Minor)
Also occupied several other city-states in the empire
Capital was Hattusas
Struggled with Egypt for control of Northern Syria until a peace agreement was met

5. Hattusas – Lion’s Gate

6. Hattusas: Capital of the Hittites

7. Hittite Writing

8. Technology of War
Hittites built superior chariots that were light weight, easy to maneuver, 2 wheels, wooden frame, leather enhanced, and 2-4 horses per chariot

9. Hittite Chariots & Warriors

10. Hittite Weapons

11. Fall of the Hittites Fell suddenly around the year 1190 BC
Great wave of invasions attacked from the north and burned the Hittite capital city

12. Aryans

13. Who were the Aryans?
An Indo-European people who crossed the Kyber Pass thru the Hindu Kush Mountains to conquer the Indus River Valley
They eventually controlled most of the Indian subcontinent

14. Aryan Migration

15. The Vedas Sacred literature that left a picture of Aryan life
4 collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals

16. Rig Veda Most important of the Vedas
Contained 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods

17. Aryans Vs. Dasas Aryans Dasas Light skin, tall No written language
Conquerors
Nomadic herders
Lived in tribes
Used cows to measure wealth
Dark skin, short
Written language
Skilled workers
Lived in towns w/ walls
Centralized govt.
Driven south of India by the Aryans
Those left behind became slaves to the Aryans

18. Aryan Caste System

19. Caste System Distinguishing factor was Varna (skin color)
4 groups came to be known as the varnas
Later called “castes” in 15th century AD
“Untouchables” lived outside the caste structure: included butchers, trash collectors
Their touch threatened the purity of others

20. Untouchables

21. Aryan Migration
Began to settle more civilizations eastward; into India
Violence and confusion led many to speculate about the place of the gods and humans in the world
New religions begin to form

22. Hinduism
Began as a collection of religious beliefs that developed over a long period of time

23. Origins and Beliefs
Religion is a way to liberate the soul from illusions, disappoints, and mistakes of everyday life
The Upanishads were written as a dialogue between a teacher and student to explain Vedic hymns
Moksha: state of perfect understanding
Teacher distinguished between atman (individual soul of a living being) and Brahman (world soul that contains and unites all atmans)

24. Hindu Beliefs
When a person understands the relationship between atman and Brahman, they achieve moksha
Usually not achieved in one lifetime
Reincarnation: rebirth
Karma: good and bad deeds that follow from one life to the next

26. Spread of Hinduism

27. Brahman (World Soul) Personality of 3 gods Brahma (the creator)
Vishnu (the protector)
Shiva (the destroyer)
Devi (Mother goddess) grew in importance over the centuries

28. Brahma

29. Vishnu

30. Shiva

32. Hindu ideas about Karma and reincarnation only strengthened the caste system
Dominated every aspect of a person’s life

33. Jainism Founded by Mahavira
Believed everything in the universe had a soul and should not be harmed in any way
Believed also in non-violence and religious tolerance

35. Buddhism

37. Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
At his birth, a prophecy foretold that he stayed at home, he would become a world ruler
If he left, he would become a universal spiritual leader

38. Buddhism Four ventures outside led to 4 different observations:
Old man: interpreted as old age
Sick man: sickness
A corpse: death
Wandering holy man: Only a religious life offers refuge from inevitable suffering

39. Buddhism Siddhartha wandered for 6 years seeking enlightenment
He debated with others religious seekers and fasted, but still did not achieve enlightenment
Finally, he began to meditate under a large fig tree and after 49 days, he achieved an understanding of the cause of suffering in the world

40. From that point, he becomes known as the Buddha, meaning “the enlightened one”

41. Buddhism: 4 Noble Truths
Life is filled with suffering and sorrow
The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world
The way to end all suffering is to end all desires
The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial

42. The Eightfold Path
Right Views (seeing the world through the 4 Noble Truths)
Right Resolve (wanting to behave correctly and justly)
Right Speech (telling the truth, speaking kindly to others
Right Conduct (being good)

43. The Eightfold Path
Right Livelihood (having a job that supports a moral life)
Right Effort (trying to keep your mind focused on the good)
Right Mindfulness (paying attention to what you thing and feel)
Right Concentration (meditating as Buddha did to reach nirvana)

44. Ms. Abernathy’s 4 Noble Truths
Accept that everyone has their own strengths and weaknesses.
Everyone must find and walk their own path.
You, alone, are responsible for your own failures and successes.

45. Nirvana
Following the Eightfold Path, anyone could reach nirvana (the release from selfishness and pain)
Believed in reincarnation
Also believed history was cyclical (world is created and destroyed over and over)
Rejected the idea of many gods and the caste system
Final goals for both Hindus and Buddhists are similar: perfect state of understanding and a break from the chain of reincarnation

47. World Religions Today

50. One last “religion”……..

51. Kennyism
Followers believe in reincarnation (since he does so every episode)
Ultimate goal is to make it to the 3rd grade.
Follows the teachings of Cartman: Do unto others before they do unto you.