1. From Prehistory to Civilizations
Dr. Afxendiou
Sachem North High School

2. 200,000 years ago – Homo erectus appears in Africa
hunters and gatherers
left Africa to populate Europe and Asia

3. 10,000 years ago – Homo sapiens

4. Changes… language more complex stone tools cave art
expanded habitats - migrated into the Americas

5. By 1,000 B.C.E. – huge changes become entrenched

6. HERE?
HERE
So, how did we get from…

7. One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a
wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :
which reflects the DOMESTICATION of…
and plants
animals

8. Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change.
It resulted in the new way of living we know as
FARMING
(AGRICULTURE)…
…which included both PASTORALISM
(herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels),
and…

9. (cultivating domesticated plants),
Crop-growing
(cultivating domesticated plants),
and…
the development of…
FARMING COMMUNITIES

10. Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming
appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,
possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.
Eastern North America
China
Fertile Crescent
Mesoamerica
Nile valley
West
Africa
Indus Valley
New Guinea
Ethiopia
Andes
Amazonia

11. POPULATION INTENSIFICATION
Prior to farming, population size in any
one area was limited
by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts.
Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for…
That means population
increases in certain areas.
Population in those
areas became both
larger and denser.

12. At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food.
What does
SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION
mean for a society?
SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION…
…means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non-farming task.

13. Job Specialization. This is called… Men and women may become: Weavers
Stone Masons
Potters
Priests
Scribes
Traders
Army officers

14. Domestication of Plants and Animals
Farming
Surplus Food
Specialization
Population
Intensification
Complex Society,
also known as
CIVILIZATION

15. Elements of civilization include:
1) Cities
Mohenjo Daro
Pharaohs
2) Central governments
And Law codes
Hammurabi’s
Law Code

16. 4) Highly organized religions
3) Writing and
record keeping
4) Highly organized religions
5) Specialized Jobs
Full-time monk

17. 7) Arts and Architecture
Assyrian slaves
In Egypt
6) Social Classes
Pyramids of
Ancient Egypt
Art of
Ancient Babylon
7) Arts and Architecture

18. 8) Public Works The protective walls of a city in the
Indus River Valley

19. Remember: GO ROLLER SKATING WITH CHAP
G – strong central government
R – organized religion
S – job specialization
W – writing and record keeping
C – Cities
H – social hierarchy (social classes)
A – Arts and Architecture
P – Public Works

20. By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies.

21. By 1000 BCE, there were several
well-established civilizations in Afroeurasia.
There were also two new ones in the Americas.
At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia,
the Minoan in the Mediterranean region
and the Harappan in the Indus River
valley had already come and gone.

22. Effects of Neolithic Revolution
Civilization
New hierarchical social structures
new groupings used to organize society. Where a group of people belongs in relation to other groups – social distinctions like race, gender, class)
Egalitarian v. patriarchal
Intensification of trade within and between civilizations
Rise of states-powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support, and who was supported by the religious hierarchy and professional warriors.

23. Agricultural Societies Develop Patriarchal Structures
Patriarchy-rule of the father (dominant male)
The father or a male member who is considered as the head of the family, controls all economic resources, all property, makes all the major decisions of the family and has control over all members of the family – especially women.
Men are superior to women and women are part of men's property

24. Why?
Agricultural communities - land ownership, families as agricultural resource
plow agriculture creates need for extra children (workers) beyond perpetuation of the species
land inheritance strengthens family, weakens position of women because of need to control their sexuality
family, as unit of society, put under power of father as its representative before the community

25. Is this an image of a civilization? Support your answer with evidence.