1. Early Man

2. the period before writing was developed
Prehistory
the period before writing was developed

3. Archaeology
the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind

4. the study of human life and culture
Anthropology
the study of human life and culture

5. Fossil
a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the Earth’s crust

6. Artifact
items left behind by early people Examples would be tools, pottery, paintings, weapons

7. A firsthand or eyewitness account of an event
Primary Source
A firsthand or eyewitness account of an event
Secondary Source
A secondhand account about an event that is based on what someone else has experienced
How would you explain the difference between the two? What are some examples? What are the pros/cons of each?

8. Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright
Hominids
Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

9. Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright
Hominids
Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

10. Australopithecines Homo habilis
Appeared about 4-5 million years ago
Found in Africa
Stood upright and walked on two legs
Brain was one-third the size of humans today
Homo habilis
Appeared about 2.4 million years ago
Found in Africa
Learned to make and use crude stone tools
Brain was half the size of humans today

11. Homo erectus Neanderthals
Appeared about mil. yrs. ago
Started out in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia – first hominid to leave Africa
Learned to control fire
Neanderthals
Appeared 200,000 – 30,000 years ago
Found in Europe and Southwest Asia
First early people to bury their dead
Died out, possibly due to a conflict with the Homo sapiens sapiens

12. Cro-Magnons Homo sapiens sapiens
Appeared about 40,000 years ago
Made finely crafted tools and cave art
Homo sapiens sapiens
Appeared 200,000 – 150,000 years ago
First anatomically modern humans
Started to spread outside of Africa about 100,000 years ago
All humans today belong to this subspecies
Name means “wise, wise human being”

14. Spread of the Hominids
Started out in Africa and migrated around the world
Moved from Africa to the Middle East (Southwest Asia), then to Asia and Australia, next up was Europe and northern Asia (colder)
This was aided by the use of fire
Finally people arrived in the Americas, probably by crossing a land bridge in the Bering Strait
By 9000 BC humans had spread to six continents

15. Paleolithic Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Neolithic Revolution
THE STONE AGE
Paleolithic Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Neolithic Revolution

16. Paleolithic Age
Known as the Old Stone Age, lasted from 2.5 million – 10,000 BC
Named because people used simple stone tools
People were hunter-gatherers who hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants for food
People also lived as nomads, moving around from place to place to follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles

17. Paleolithic Age (continued)
Lived in small bands and relied on resources around them to survive
Both men and women were responsible for obtaining food, which made them equal
Used fire to adapt to the environment
An important development was the use of technology
Technology = the application of knowledge, tools, and materials to make life easier

18. Neolithic Revolution
A shift from hunting and gathering to farming and the domestication of animals
This was one of the most important developments in human history and changed how people lived
People experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm gradually over a long period of time

19. Neolithic Revolution (continued)
Happened around 10,000 years ago when people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm gradually over a long period of time
With the development of farming, people began to practice domestication
Domestication = adaptation for human use, such as animals and plants
The world population grew significantly
The growing of crops meant that people had greater control over their environment and could now settle in one place and formed permanent settlements

22. FOUR RIVER VALLEYS Nile River = Egypt
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers = Mesopotamia
Also known as the Fertile Crescent
Indus River = India
Huang-He River = China

23. Four River Valley Civilizations

26. CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION

27. Rise of Developed Cities
Cities served as: political and economic centers for surrounding areas
Major cities emerged in: river valleys

28. Organized Government
Different types of government = theocracy and monarchy
Theocracy = a gov’t ruled by religious leaders who claim God’s authority
Monarchy = gov’t by a king or queen

29. Role of Formalized Religion
Formal religious institutions that included ceremonies, rituals, and other forms of worship
Wanted to gain: the favor of the gods
Many leaders claimed to rule by the will of the gods

30. Specialization of Labor
Division of labor increased and many new jobs became available

31. Social Structure Based on people’s occupations, wealth, and influence
1. Rulers, priests, and nobles
2. Merchants and artisans
3. Farmers and unskilled laborers
4. Slaves

32. Use of Writing Developed about 5,000 years ago
First writings used pictographs
Developed calendars which were important to farming

34. Art Paintings and statues of gods, rulers, and heroes
Reflected a civilization’s power and a ruler’s prestige

35. Technology
Something that made people’s lives easier, for the hominids this was a rock used as a tool
Trade
Many civilizations traded with one another to gain goods and resources that their territory lacked
Often led the spread of new ideas and technology