1. Chapter 5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.–300 B.C.
The history and culture of classical Greece has a significant impact on the modern world.
Discus thrower (about 450 B.C.), Myron.

2. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
Section 1
Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
Geography Shapes Greek Life
Ancient Greece
• Was a collection of separate lands where ________________-speaking people live
• Includes mainland and about ___________ islands
The Sea
• The sea shapes Greek civilization
• Proximity to sea and a lack of resources encourage sea
______________________________________

3. Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land
• ________________ slow travel, divide land into regions
• Lack of fertile land leads to _____________ populations,
and a need for ___________________
The Climate
• Moderate climate promotes _______________________
• Greek ____________, especially, spend much of their
time outside

4. Mycenaean Civilization Develops
Origins
• _______________________—Indo-Europeans who settled on
Greek mainland in 2000 B.C.
• Took their name from their leading city, _________________
• Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from
_____________________________
Contact with Minoans
• After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea
____________________________________
The Trojan War
• Trojan War—fought by Mycenaeans against city of _________
in 1200s B.C.
• Once thought to be ______________________, archaeological
evidence has been found

5. Scene of Trojan Horse entering Troy.

6. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
Dorians Replace Mycenaeans
• Mycenaean civilization _____________ around 1200 B.C.
• Dorians—possibly relatives of ______________________
Greeks—move into Greece
• Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no
________________________________
Epics of Homer
• Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer—a = _______________________________
• ______________—a narrative poem about heroic deeds
• Homer’s epic the Iliad, about the ___________________,
shows Greek heroic ideal

7. Depiction of funeral games in honor of Patroclus, influenced by Homer's Iliad (book 23).

8. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
Greeks Create Myths
• Greeks develop their own _____________—traditional
stories about gods
• Greeks seek to understand mysteries of _____________
through myths
• Greeks attribute human qualities of ______________,
__________________, and ___________________ to
their gods
• __________________, ruler of Gods, lives on
______________________________________ with his
wife, Hera
• Zeus’s daughter ____________________ is goddess of
wisdom and guardian of cities

9. Zeus, principal god in Greek mythology. Bronze statue (about 460 B. C

10. Warring City-States Rule and Order in Greek City-States The City-State
• By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or _______________, is the formal government
• A _____________ is a city and its surrounding villages; 50 to square miles
• Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000
• Citizens gather in the marketplace and ______________ — a
fortified hilltop

12. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Greek Political Structures
• City-states have different forms of government
• ________________ — rule by a king; ___________________
— rule by nobility
• ___________________ — rule by small group of powerful
merchants and artisans
Tyrants Seize Power
• Rulers and common people clash in many city-states
• _________________ — nobles and wealthy citizens win
support of common people
• They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people

13. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Building Democracy
• About 621 B.C., __________________ — rule by the
people—develops in Athens
• Nobleman, Draco, develops ____________________ based
on equality of citizens
• Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has
______________ make laws
• Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens
Athenian Education
• ________________ only for sons of wealthy families
• Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household

14. Sparta Builds a Military State
A Unique City-State
• _________________, isolated from much of Greece, builds
military state
Sparta Dominates Messenians
• Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia
• Messenians become _______________ — peasants forced to farm the
land
• Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state
Sparta’s Government and Society
• Sparta government has ______________ branches; the
_____________ elect officials
• Three social classes: citizens, free non-citizens, helots—slaves

15. Sparta Builds a Military State
Spartan Daily Life
• Spartan values: ________________, strength, individuality,
_____________ over freedom
They neglected the _______________, literature and other _____________________ pursuits
• Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
• Males move into barracks at age ____, train until _____,
serve until _____
• Girls receive some _______________ training; also they ran,
wrestled, and played sports
• Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else
Spartan women enjoyed much more _______________ than
they would have in other Greek city-states

16. The Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerges
• Cheaper ________ replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper
• Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes
• _________________—feared by all, formation of soldiers with
spears, shields
Battle at Marathon
• Persian Wars — between Greece and Persian Empire—begin in Ionia on the coast of ______________________
Persians conquer area; Greeks revolt; Daruis the Great vows revenge
• Persian army attacks Athens, is defeated at ______________________
in 490 B.C.
Pheidippides Brings News
• Runner ____________________ races to Athens to announce Greek victory; origin of the modern day ________________

18. The Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis
• In 480 B.C., Persians – under Darius’ son Xerxes – launch
new invasion of ______________
• ____________ are divided; many stay neutral or side with
_____________
• Greek forces hold Thermopylae for ______ days before
retreating
• Athenians defeat Persians at _____, near island of Salamis
• Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat
• Several city-states form _____________________ and continue
to fight Persians driving them from the territories surrounding
Greece

19. Consequences of the Persian Wars
• New _____________________ in Greece due to victory
• ____________ emerges as leader of Delian League
• _______________ controls the league by using ___________ against opponents
• League members essentially become ______________ of Athenian empire
• Stage is set for a dazzling burst of _________________ in Athens
NEXT

20. Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Section 3
Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Pericles as Leader
• Skillful ________________, inspiring ______________,
respected ___________________
• Dominates life in Athens from _________________ B.C.
Stronger Democracy
• Pericles hires more ______________________________;
creates a ________________________________
• Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through
________________________________

21. Pericles ( B.C.), statesman who shaped Athens as cultural center. Shown with backdrop of Acropolis, Athens.

22. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Athenian Empire
• Athens takes over _____________________________;
uses money to strengthen Athenian _______________
• Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power
Glorifying Athens
• Pericles buys _________, _________, & ___________;
hires __________________ to beautify Athens

23. Glorious Art and Architecture
Architecture and Sculpture
• Pericles builds the __________________________ —
a large temple to honor goddess Athena
• Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30-foot statue
of ___________________
• Sculptors create _______________, _____________,
perfectly formed figures
• ___________________________ — values harmony,
order, balance, proportion, beauty

24. Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy
• Greeks invent _______________ as an art form; includes
chorus, dance, poetry
• Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy
• ______________________ — tells story of heroes’
downfall; themes of love, hate, war
• ______________________ — makes fun of politics and
respected people; slapstick humor
• Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides,
Aristophanes
History
• __________________ Herodotus and Thucydides record
and study past events

25. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
War Begins
• 431 B.C. city-states Sparta and Athens at war— _______________________________________
Peloponnesian War
• Sparta has better ________, Athens has better _______
• ___________ strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many — including _________________
• Sparta and Athens sign truce in 421 B.C.
Sparta Gains Victory
• 415 B.C. ___________ renews war and attacks
Syracuse, but is defeated in 413 B.C.
• ___________ and allies surrender to ______________
in 404 B.C.

27. Philosophers Search for Truth
Rise of Great Philosophers
• After the war, there is the rise of philosophers — thinkers,
“____________________________________"
• They believe the universe is subject to ________________
and _______________________ laws
• People could understand these laws through ___________,
reason
• Sophist philosopher Protagoras questions the existence of
_____________________________
Socrates
• Socrates—believes in questioning, _______________________
of values, actions
• Convicted of ___________________ young people; is sentenced
to ______________ in 399 B.C.

28. Philosophers Search for Truth
Plato
• Plato—student of _______________; writes The Republic —
an ideal society
• In 387 B.C., establishes Athens school, the Academy; lasts
__________ years
• His writings dominate European philosophy for _______ years
Aristotle
• Aristotle—student of ____________; uses rules of ________
for argument
• His work provides the basis for the _____________________,
which is still used today
• Tutors _______ -year-old prince who becomes
____________________________________________

29. Section 4 Alexander’s Empire Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonia
• Macedonia — kingdom of mountain villages north of ________________
• _____________________________ — ruler, brilliant
general; dreams of controlling Greece
• Macedonians call themselves _______________;
the rest of Greece does not
Philip’s Army
• Philip creates a well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece

31. Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Conquest of Greece
• 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece; 336 B.C. King Philip is __________________
• His son named king of Macedonia—becomes _____________________________________

32. Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias
Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias. Manuscript (14th century).

33. Alexander Defeats Persia
Alexander’s Early Life
• Tutored by Aristotle; inspired by the __________; has military training
• Becomes king when _______ years old; destroys Thebes to curb rebellion
Invasion of Persia
• 334 B.C. Alexander invades _________; quick victory at Granicus River
• ______________ — king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000–75,000 men
• Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee

34. Alexander Defeats Persia
Conquering the Persian Empire
• Alexander marches into _______________, and is
crowned _______________ in 332 B.C.
• At Gaugamela in ____________________________,
Alexander defeats Persians again
• Alexander captures cities of ___________________,
Susa, and Persepolis
• Persepolis, the Persian capital, burned to the ground
• Ashes of Persepolis signal ______________________
of Persian Empire

35. Alexander’s Other Conquests
Alexander in India
• Alexander _____________ his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India
• Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. Reluctantly returns to _____________________;
he dies in 323 B.C.
Alexander’s Legacy
• Alexander melds ______________ and ______________
cultures; his wife is Persian
• Empire becomes three kingdoms: (1) ___________________________________________
(2) ___________________________________________
(3) ___________________________________________

36. Section 5 – The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
• Result of Alexander’s policies is a __________________________
• Hellenistic culture—Greek blended with ____________________,
_____________________, ______________________
Trade and Cultural Diversity
• ____________________________ — Egyptian city becomes center
of Hellenistic civilization
Alexandria’s Attractions
• ___________________, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall
• Museum contains art galleries, a ________, ____________________,
____________________________
• Library holds masterpieces of ancient ________________________;
supports scholars

37. Science and Technology
Alexandria’s Scholars
• Scholars preserve ____________ and ______________
learning in the sciences
Astronomy
• Astronomer Aristarchus proves the _________ is larger than the Earth
• Proposes that the planets revolve around sun; this is not
accepted for ___________________________
• Eratosthenes uses ________________to calculate Earth’s circumference
Mathematics and Physics
• ______________________ — mathematician; his book
______________________ is the basis for courses in geometry
• Archimedes — scientist; accurately estimated the value of ________;
his ideas help build force pump and the ________________________

38. Philosophy and Art Stoicism and Epicureanism
• Zeno founds Stoic school; promoted ___________________,
simple lives
• _____________________ believes people should focus on
what senses perceive
Realism in Sculpture
• _____________________________________ — Hellenistic
bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall
• Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms;
________________________________

39. Colossus of Rhodes (294-282 B. C. ), huge bronze statue of sun god
Colossus of Rhodes ( B.C.), huge bronze statue of sun god. Engraving (19th century).