1. Overview to Understanding Abnormal Behavior
Chapter 1
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2. What does abnormal mean to you?

3. Are psychological disorders rare?
The Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) reported that 55% of the general population have some form of mental illness
Anxiety- 5 students
OCD 1 student
Social phobia- 4 students
PTSD-4 students
Eating dis.- 1
Depression- 3 students
Bipolar d/o-1
Schizophrenia -1 student
Personality d/o -4 students

4. The Disclaimer
Please do not start diagnosing yourself, your family, friends, boyfriends/girlfriends, neighbors, classmates, professors or anyone else you can think of… 
This chapter will not make you a psychologist!

5. Sensitivity, please…
It is important to remember-people are not just their disorders!
People are not “schizophrenics”, “alcoholics”, “autistics”, “phobics” or “bipolars”- but rather people with schizophrenia, alcoholism, autism…etc.

6. How are people with psychological disorders portrayed in our culture?

8. Are all disorders viewed the same?

9. Who’s Normal?
Your neighbor has physical complaints and sees several doctors weekly.
A 22 year-old college student smokes 4-5 marijuana joints per day, has a 3.8 GPA, has a part-time job and a solid long term relationship.
Rachel has been caught several times urinating in the corner.
A 35 year-old very happily married man enjoys wearing women’s clothes and underwear on the weekends when he and his wife go out on the town.

10. Who decides what’s “NORMAL”?
WE do!

11. What Is Abnormal Behavior?
Abnormal behavior is characterized as:
Non- typical
Socially unacceptable
Distressing to the person who exhibits it or to the people around them

12. Criteria for abnormal behavior include statistical infrequency, dysfunction, personal distress, and violation of norms.
None of these criteria alone is adequate for classifying abnormal behavior.

13. Criteria for a Psychological Disorder
Clinical significance
Distress
Behavior cannot be a socially expectable response
Psychological or biological disturbance
Behavior cannot be defined in terms of social rebellion or deviance
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14. How are Psychological Disorders Diagnosed?
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has devised a system for diagnosing maladjusted behavior
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Referred to as the DSM V

15. Why do we need a system to diagnose psychiatric disorders?

16. Goals of the DSM V To provide a system for diagnosing disorders
To improve the reliability of diagnoses
To make diagnoses consistent with research evidence and clinical experiences.

17. What Causes Abnormal Behavior?
Incorporate biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
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18. Table 1.1- Causes of Abnormal Behavior
Stigma: Label that causes certain people to be regarded as:
Different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.
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19. Biopsychosocial Perspective
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is seen as influencing the development of the individual
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20. Abnormal Psychology Throughout History
Prominent themes in explaining psychological disorders - Spiritual, scientific, and humanitarian.
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21. Spiritual Approach
Regard psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits
Trephining
Exorcism
Treatments recommended by church
Trephining - Skulls of the living had holes cut out of them.
Exorcism - Drive away evil spirits through a physically and mentally painful form of torture carried out by a shaman, priest, or medicine man.
Treatments recommended by church such as deportation, torture, and burning at the stake.
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22. Humanitarian Approach
Regard psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions
Moral treatment
Mental hygiene movement
Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act
Moral treatment - Notion that people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment.
Mental hygiene movement - Humanitarian goals that Dix advocated had a lasting influence on the mental health system.
Her work was carried forward into the twentieth century by advocates.
Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act initiated a series of changes that would affect mental health services for decades to come.
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23. Humanitarian Approach
Deinstitutionalization movement
Advocacy groups
Antistigma programs
Deinstitutionalization movement - Promoted the release of psychiatric patients into community treatment sites.
Advocacy groups worked tirelessly to change the way public views mentally ill people and how society deals with them.
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
Mental Health Association
Center to Address Discrimination and Stigma
Eliminate the Barriers Initiative
Antistigma programs - Part of efforts to improve the delivery of mental health services.
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24. Scientific Approach Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 b.c.)
Claudius Galen (a.d. 130–200)
Benjamin Rush (1745–1813)
Hippocrates - Founder of modern medicine.
Believed that there were four important bodily fluids that influenced physical and mental health, leading to four personality dispositions.
Claudius Galen developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies.
Benjamin Rush - Founder of American psychiatry.
Rekindled interest in the scientific approach to psychological disorders.
Occupational therapy
Treatment - Bloodletting and purging, tranquilizer, fright inducement.
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25. Scientific Approach Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
Positive psychology
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis.
Theory and system of practice that relied on the concepts of the unconscious mind, inhibited sexual impulses, and early development.
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning that became the basis for the behaviorist movement.
B. F. Skinner formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning.
Specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior.
Positive psychology: Emphasizes the potential for growth and change throughout life.
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26. Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology
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27. The Experimental Method
Hi Everyone, welcome to your research methods class. Today we are going to go over the experimental method

28. Claim #1
Autism is caused by vaccines.
True or false?

29. Claim #2
Beer before liquor, never been sicker; Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear.
True or False?

30. Claim #3
Students who cram and pull all-nighters often perform better than students who don’t study at all.
True or False?

31. Claim #4 Masturbation can lead to blindness in males.
True or False? All of the above claims were once believed by people. There is no scientific evidence that autism is caused by vaccinations. Alcohol is alcohol, and too much of it will make anyone feel sick. There is no evidence that drinking in a particular order alters how sick you get. In addition, students who pull all-nighters tend to do worse than students who don’t cram for exams. And lastly, Masturbation does not lead to blindness. All of these claims are false. Through scientific investigation or observations and experiments, we were able to find new knowledge to combat these claims.

32. The Scientific Method
A set of steps that are taken in a science to acquire new knowledge.
As we all know, the definition of psychology is the scientific investigation of behavior and mental processes. By using the scientific method, we are able to gain new knowledge about the world. Therefore, psychologists are scientists. We would first observe our subject and research a topic of interest and pose it in a question. Then we would select our hypothesis from the observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of what you might believe based upon your observations. Then you test your hypothesis by devising an experiment data. Then you examine your data and reach conclusions. Based on the results, you decide whether the original hypothesis was proven true or untrue. From there you publish your results in an article or journal so other scientists can replicate it to see if it is scientifically sound.
I know there are a lot of steps to this, so let me give you an example of what this may look like in real life. How many of you have heard of therapy dogs? Well the university of Maine wanted to see the effect of interacting with a therapy dog for student’s stress level. So the psychologists first did step 1, made observations. They looked up research on therapy dogs and their effects of lowering stress levels in children and adults. Well then based upon their research and observations, they hypothesized that following direct interaction with a dog, college students would show increases in their positive mood. They then devised an experiment. Can anyone guess whether their hypothesis was true or not? Correct! Their hypothesis was proven true, in other words, accepted. Thus, they can publish this study for other psychologists to replicate or learn from. Now what could happen if the hypothesis was rejected? Well we would reject our findings or amend the original hypothesis.

33. The Scientific Method Cont.
Theory: A well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. 
What is the theory based on the results of the University of Maine’s therapy dog study?
Dog Study: Interacting with a therapy dog increases positive mood in students.
As we know from before, Psychologists engage in hypothesis testing….when the hypothesis is supported or rejected…this helps to build theory. A theory is an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry. Question to ask the class: Do theories ever change?
If results support theory, confidence in theory is increased. If not, theory is modified and further research is conducted.
In the end, the theory is accepted or rejected, but always remains open to further testing and refinement.
So the theory for the dog experiment is that interacting with a therapy dog increases positive mood in students. Now what can increase our confidence in this theory? By replicating the study and making sure we get the same results.

34. The Experimental method
The experimental method is the method in which the research randomly assigns participants to the different conditions in an experiment.
There are two types of research, qualitative and quantitative research. Today we will be talking about quantitative research, and next class qualitative. Qualitative research tends to be used to generate a theory while quantitative research is based on a theory. How many of you have participated in questionnaires or interviews? Well, questionnaires or surveys are more quantitative and interviews are more qualitative because they are more subjective. Think of. The main difference between qualitative and quantitative research is that with quantitative research you can find direct cause and effect relationships through statistical inferences. One type of quantitative research is the experimental method. The key aspect of experimental research is that the researcher controls the experimental setting. It is this control that allows the researcher to make cause-and-effect statements about the experimental results.

35. The Experimental method cont.
Involves two key aspects:
Independent Variable—variable that is systematically changed (manipulated) in an experiment.
Dependent Variable—variable that is measured in an experiment.
Random Assignment of Participants to Groups.
When a researcher designs an experiment, the researcher begins with a hypothesis about the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. One of the variables is assumed to be the cause, and the other variable is the one to be affected. The independent variable is the hypothesized cause, and the experimenter manipulates it. The dependent variable is the variable that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable and thus is measured by the experimenter. I know many of you have difficulty remembering the IV and DV so just to clarify, the dependent variable depends on the independent variable. Another component that is necessary for the experimental method is random assignment.  Random assignment refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Random assignment might involve such tactics as flipping a coin, drawing names out of a hat, rolling dice, or assigning random numbers to participants. That way, if the groups differ at the end of the experiment, we can be sure it's because of our experimental manipulation, and not because of some preexisting difference. 

36. Randomly assign into control and experimental groups
The experimental method Cont.
Full population of interest
Randomly assign into control and experimental groups
The simplest of experiments is one with two groups, in which participants are randomly assigned to one of the groups
One of the groups will be exposed to the independent variable, and the other group will not be. The group exposed to the independent variable is called the experimental group. The group not exposed to the independent variable is called the control group. Control Group who is treated identically to the experimental group with the exception of the experimental treatment. Students picked a number from a bucket and those who picked 1 were in the experimental group, and those who picked two were in the control group. Now we want to operationalize these variables, or provide numerical values so we can compare the findings to other studies and makes the experiment easier to replicate for other researchers. So to operationalize the IV, it would be playing with the dog for 5 minutes and then taking a positive and negative affect inventory. And to operationalize the DV it would be taking a positive and negative affect inventory.
Control group: exposed to the dependent variable: Students who did not play with the therapy dog
Experimental group: exposed to independent variable: Students who played with the therapy dog

37. The experimental method Cont.
Hypothetical Findings
A significant finding is one that is not likely due to chance.
What do our findings say about The University of Maine’s study on therapy dogs?
It is not practical to conduct the dog therapy experiment on every student at the University of Maine. Therefore, we can use statistics to draw inferences about the responses of the general student population. Results are viewed as tentative unless its replicated. The dog study found significant statistical findings that there was a low percentage of the results being due to chance. Ex. University of Maine Dog Study
Participants in the dog condition experienced a significant increase in positive affect following their interaction with the dog. However, participants in the control condition did not exhibit an improvement in positive affect.

38. Table 1.3 - Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology
Survey
Incidence: Frequency of new cases within a given time period.
Prevalence: Number of people who have ever had a disorder at a given time or over a specified period.
Case study
Qualitative research: Provides research with methods of analyzing complex relationships that do not easily lend themselves to conventional statistical methods.
Behavioral genetics
Concordance rate: Agreement ratios between people diagnosed as having a particular disorder and their relatives.
Gene mapping: Attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of a gene and the characteristics it controls.
Molecular genetics: Study of how genes translate hereditary information.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education.  This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.  This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.