1. Compounds made by living things All contain carbon Large & complex
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Compounds made by living things
All contain carbon
Large & complex

2. CARBOHYDRATES Include sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose
Contain C, H, O
Building unit is GLUCOSE
Function is to PROVIDE ENERGY
(released from glucose during respiration)

3. GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
ONE SUGAR UNIT
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
C6H12O6
DISACCHARIDES
TWO SUGAR UNITS
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
C12H22O11

4. POLYSACCHARIDES
MANY SUGAR UNITS
Complex carbohydrates
Starches, cellulose, glycogen
CELLULOSE = FIBER indigestible parts of plants
GLYCOGEN = ANIMAL STARCH…stored in liver when there is too much sugar in blood

5. LIPIDS Fats, oils, steroids, cholesterol Contain C, H, O
Insoluble in water
Building unit is GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS
Function is to STORE ENERGY; AID IN DIGESTION; PROVIDE INSULATION

6. GROUPS OF LIPIDS FATS: triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
Primarily for storing energy
Can easily be formed from excess carbohydrates
SATURATED—UNSAUTRATED-- POLYUNSATURATED

7. SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED
SATURATED FATS
(no double bonds b/w C & H); less energy needed to break them down; stored in the body more easily;
UNSATURATED FATS (double bonds) more energy needed to break down—less likely to store; Healthier!
POLYUNSATURATED: many double bonds; Healthiest!

10. PHOSHOLIPIDS 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate
Make up cell structures like the cell membrane
Phosphate head is hydrophilic; lipid end is hydrophobic

11. STEROIDS 4 carbon ring structure Cholesterol Sex hormones
Adrenal hormones
Cholesterol can be good
or bad. LDL can clog
arteries; HDL helps to
remove LDL from body

12. PROTEINS HEMOGLOBIN Red blood cells MUSCLE ANTIBODIES HAIR INSULIN
ENZYMES

13. PROTEINS Contain C H O N Building block is amino acids (20 different)
EX: Hair; muscle; blood (hemoglobin); antibodies; collagen (skin); enzymes, insulin
FUNCTION: structural components (make up living things) and functional components (carry out cell processes)

14. Structure of Proteins
Amino Acid: contains AMINE group (NH2) and ORGANIC ACID group (COOH)
2 amino acids join to form a dipeptide
Bond is a PEPTIDE bond
Many amino acids are polypeptides (or PROTEINS)

15. CONFORMATION Proteins fold into complex 3-D shapes
These shapes determine the function
LONG/FIBROUS
(hair & muscle)
give STRUCTURE

16. GLOBULAR
enzymes, hemoglobin, protein carriers/receptors) carry out FUNCTION

17. ENZYMES Protein catalysts Speed up rate of metabolic reactions
Specific in their function
Not used up
Substance they work on is called the SUBSTRATE

18. How Enzymes Work
Lower amount of activation energy needed to start reactions
Sometimes need a cofactor (Cu, Zn, Fe) or Coenzyme (A, B-12, C, D; vitamins) to work properly;
Can be altered by heat, radiation, electricity, pH, chemicals (changes the shape of the enzyme… enzyme said to be DENATURED)

19. ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA & RNA Contain C, H, O, N, P
Building block is the nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base)
Contain Genes and direct cell processes