1. The 6 Major Perspectives
-method of classifying a collection of ideas to study behaviors and/or mental processes
-also called “schools of thought”, frameworks or approaches

2. The Psychodynamic Approach
Focuses on how behavior is affected by
unconscious drives (dreams, etc.) and conflicts
Behavior is explained through unconscious
motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s
childhood
- It is also known as
the Psychoanalytic
or Freudian approach

3. Famous Psychodynamic Psychologists
Sigmund Freud*
Carl Jung*
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney

5. The Behavioral Approach
Focuses on how we learn through rewards, punishment & observation
(relies observable behaviors, not internal
processes like the unconscious)
Behavior is explained
by previous learning
(conditioning)

6. Famous Behaviorists Ivan Pavlov* John B. Watson* Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner* Albert Bandura

8. The Humanistic Approach
Focuses on development & how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
(self-actualization)
Behavior is explained as being
motivated by satisfying basic
needs (hunger, thirst, etc.), with
the goal of reaching one’s full
potential once basic needs are met.
Behaviors are tied to feelings of self-worth.

9. Famous Humanists Abraham Maslow* Carl Rogers* Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth
Erik Erikson

10. The Cognitive Approach
Focuses on how people interpret & mentally process their experiences
Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation
- Mental processes = cognitions =
thoughts, feelings, expectations,
perceptions, memories, etc.

11. Famous Cognitive Psychologists
Jean Piaget*
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus*
Howard Gardner*

12. The Biological Approach
Focuses on how our biological structures and substances underlie behaviors
Behavior is explained by the workings
& interrelationships of the brain,
nervous system & endocrine system
A subdivision is the Evolutionary Approach which focuses on the fact that behavior is hereditary & adaptive (coded in genes & has developed over time)

13. Famous Biological Psychologists
William James & Carl Lange*
Stanley Schachter
Walter Cannon Hans Selye*
& Philip Bard

14. The Socio-Cultural Approach
Focuses on how our thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation
Behavior is explained
by the influence of other
people and social
context &/or culture

15. Famous Social Psychologists
Stanley Milgram*
Phillip Zimbardo*
Solomon Asch*
Muzafer Sherif

17. Psychologist v. Psychiatrist
Psychologist – branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (requires an advanced degree)
Psychiatrist – branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders (requires a medical degree - can prescribe drugs )

19. Clinical vs. Counseling
Counseling psychologists deal with “normal” problems, such as stress caused by career change or marital problems
Counseling psychologist’s focus more on the psychologically healthy individual where clinical focuses on individuals with serious mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia).
Clinical psychologists are concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Split time between treatment and researching the cause of psychological disorders and the effectiveness of different types of psychotherapy and counseling.

21. Summary Structuralism = structure of mind
Functionalism = function of mind
Gestalt = perceptual wholes (the big picture)
Behavioral = conditioning & observable actions
Psychodynamic = unconscious mind
Humanistic = development & self-fulfillment
Biological = brain, nervous & endocrine systems
Evolutionary = genetics
Cognitive = thought/mental processes
Socio-Cultural = social behaviors
Used introspection

22. Our First Formative! Don’t stress!
We’re going to do the Formative as follows:
On Zipgrade – bubble it in
When you’re done, raise your hand and I’ll bring you an iRespond handheld remote to click it in.

23. Shift into Test Mode! Test Mode:
Power down all electronics and put them AWAY/AWAY (zero temptation!)
No talking
No squawking (no disruptions)
No walking around (raise your hand & I’ll come to you)
No gawking (eyes on your own paper)