1. AIM
What is Evolution?

2. Evolutionary Theory They are distinctly different from earlier forms
Process of change in species over a long time
They are distinctly different from earlier forms

3. Proof of Evolution
Fossils provide clues to the history of earth’s organisms

4. Proof of Evolution
DNA Analysis
(Gel Electrophoresis)

5. What did organisms evolve from?
Multi-cellular
Unicellular

6. Crossing-over during meiosis when gametes are formed
How do organisms acquire new traits so evolution can occur over many years?
Crossing-over during meiosis when gametes are formed
Mutations in gametes
(Sperm or egg)

7. Recombination in Gametes
Crossover (Sorting) during meiosis
(Meiosis- special cell division when gametes are formed)

8. Mutation in Gametes Base pair sequence change
Change passed on to offspring

9. Leads to Variety Sexual Reproduction Mutations
(Crossover during meiosis)
Mutations

10. Variation in Dogs

11. Variation in Ladybugs

12. Variation in Frogs

13. Variation in Finches

14. Passed to Offspring
Mutations passed to offspring when they occur in gametes(sperm or egg)

15. 1.Which phrase best defines evolution?
1.an adaptation of an organism to its environment
2.a sudden replacement of one community by another
3.a geographic or reproductive isolation of organisms
4.a process of change in organisms over a period of time

16. 2.Which two factors provide the genetic basis for variation within a species?
1.asexual reproduction and geographic isolation
2.mutations and sexual reproduction
3.competition and protein synthesis
4.constant gene frequency and reproductive isolation

17. 3.As a result of sexual reproduction, an organism can pass a gene mutation to its offspring if the mutation occurs in
1.a body cell
2.a gamete
3.liver tissue
4.white blood cells

18. Aim How does evolution occur?

19. Struggle for Existence
Members of each species compete for food, living space and the necessities of life
A finite supply of resources

20. Fitness The member that is better fit will survive.
Fitness-The ability to survive

21. Adaptation
An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance for survival
Quills

22. Example-Adaptation
Long tongue lizard is better adapted than a lizard with a short tongue.

23. Survival of the Fittest
Individuals that are better suited to their environment -
survive and reproduce more successfully

24. Natural Selection Survival of the fittest is also referred to as
Environment changes first, those best adapted survive

25. Adaptations Beneficial traits will be passed on to offspring
(More frequency)
Unfavorable traits will be less common

26. Favorable Traits Camouflage
Those best adapted pass on favorable adaptations to their offspring
Higher frequency of favorable traits are passed along to offspring increasing chances for survival of the species
Camouflage

27. 1.In most populations, the individuals that produce the greatest number of offspring are
1.always the strongest
2.usually the best adapted
3.those that have only recessive traits
4.those that are the most intelligent

28. 2.According to modern evolutionary theory, genes responsible for new traits that help a species survive in a particular environment will usually
1.not change in frequency
2.decrease gradually in frequency
3.decrease rapidly in frequency
4.increase in frequency

29. 3.Even though the environment changes, a population that occupies a given geographic area will most likely continue to be found in this area if the
1.variations in the population decrease over time
2.members of the population decrease in number
3.members of the population exceed the carrying capacity
4.population passes on those genes that result in favorable adaptations

30. Aim
What conditions are important to evolution?

31. Force behind Evolution
The interaction between individual organisms and the environment

32. Conditions Important to Evolution
Variation (Differences)
Overproduction
Finite supply of resources (limited)
Natural Selection

33. Variation
New traits that can lead to evolution come from normal variation within species

34. Overproduction
Population of a species remains stable
Turtle eggs

35. Struggle for Survival Finite Resources (not enough)
Competition among individuals of a species mean only the most adapted to the environment will survive

36. Natural Selection Evolution is controlled by nature not people
Organism that are best adapted to an environment will survive

37. Selection by Environment
The proportion of individuals with advantageous traits will increase
This change over time is evolution

38. AIM What are the changes organisms undergo from Genetic Variation?

39. Sources of Variation Sexual Reproduction (Crossover during Meiosis)
Mutations

40. Results of Variation 1.Structural Change 2.Functional Change
3.Behavioral Change

41. Structural Change Homologous structures -
Have different mature forms but developed from the same ancestors
(embryonic tissues)

42. The bones in the forelimbs of three mammals are shown below.
For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the
bones most likely indicates that they may have
developed in a common environment
developed from the same earlier species
identical genetic makeup
identical methods of obtaining food

43. Functional Change Humans-Electrical Impulses to move muscles
Eels -Electrical impulses to shock and kill its prey

44. Behavioral Change
Rate of light blinking helps organisms recognize same species for mating

45. Some behaviors such as mating and caring for young are genetically determined in certain species of birds. The presence of these behaviors is most likely due to the fact that
birds do not have the ability to learn
individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce
these behaviors helped birds to survive in the past
within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors

46. Evidence of Common Ancestors
If Amino acid sequence in proteins they synthesize are similar
Suggests DNA is also similar
(Controls Synthesis)

47. Things to Remember
Individuals that produce the most offspring are the best adapted to the environment

48. The kit fox and red fox species are closely related
The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration of these two species is shown below.
 Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about?
Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox.
As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved.
The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat.
The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition.

49. Aim What affects the rate of evolution among organism?

50. Affects Rate of Evolution
Environmental Change
- More Environmental change equals more Evolution
- Less Environmental change equals less Evolution
Horseshoe crab

51. Affects Rate of Evolution
Offspring Produced
- The more you produce the quicker organism evolves over time

52. Affects Rate of Evolution
Time of Lifespan
Lifespan for bacteria and insects are short so they evolve quicker compared to humans
More life cycles

53. Affect on Bacteria
Increase in evolutionary rate causes more mutations and produces antibiotic -resistant bacteria

54. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Caused by a Mutated Bacteria
The Doctor has to change the antibiotic to kill mutated form

55. Common Names Streptococcus Staphylococcus S. Aureus Meningitis
Names of Bacteria
Names of Antibiotic
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
S. Aureus
Meningitis
Penicillin
Erythromycin
Tetracyline
Keflex

56. Summary Red bacteria is mutated Antibiotic kills normal bacteria(blue)
Mutated bacteria is resistant to antibiotic and multiplies (Red)
Doctor has to change to another antibiotic that can kill resistant bacteria
Red bacteria is mutated

57. AIM What patterns does evolution follow which are supported by fossil records?

58. #1-Pattern of Change Changes in species is often related to
environmental change

59. #2 Pattern of Change
Species with quicker reproductive cycles and shorter life spans will
evolve quicker
Examples- Bacteria, insects and mosquitoes

60. #3-Pattern of Change
The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in death of the species.
This is called extinction

61. Things to Remember
Species with very little variation face possible extinction if the environment changes
More variation; better chance to survive a changing environment
Organisms with the quicker reproductive cycles evolve faster

62. Evolution Diagram Species that don’t reach the top are extinct.
Species that are similar split from the same lines.
Which to species are extinct?
J and E

63. The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based on evolutionary theory.  The letters represent different species. 
Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem?
species A and E
species C and D
species E and J
species B and F

64. The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based
on evolutionary theory.  The letters represent different species. 
Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem?
species A and E
species C and D
species E and J
species B and F

65. Aim How did Charles Darwin’s study of finches lead to modern evolutionary theory?

66. Why do these Finches have different beak sizes?

67. Charles Darwin
Darwin was the father of modern evolution

68. Studied Finches
Darwin studied finches on the Galapagos islands off the coast of South America
Environments were different

69. Finches are Birds

70. The Finches’ Beaks Beaks of each finch were different
Natural selection determined the shape and size of each beak

71. Environmental Factors
Which beak the bird developed depended on the finches niche.
Niche- what an organism eats (seeds)

72. Common Ancestor
All the Finches descended from
A common
ancestor

74. 1.Darwin’s studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches’ differences in beak structure were most directly due to
1.acquired characteristics in the parent finches
2.the size of the island where the finches live
3.mating behaviors of the different finch species
4.adaptations of the finches to different environments

75. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, differences between species may be the result of
1.the disuse of body structures
2.the transmission of acquired characteristics
3.natural selection
4.mutagenic agents

76. Class Activity: Animal Cell
Organelle Number Function Substance
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Ribosome
Mitochondria

77. Aim Review of Evolution

78. Definition of Evolution
The change of a species over a long time

79. Proof of Evolution
Fossils
DNA Analysis

80. Electrophoresis
Process used to analyze DNA in Fossils and match to DNA in current species
Band position matches

81. Genetic Variety for Evolution
Sexual Reproduction
Mutations
Crossover during Meiosis-gamete formation

82. Conditions Important to Evolution
Variation (Differences)
Overproduction
Finite supply of resources (limited)
Natural Selection

83. Changes from Evolution
1.Structural Change
2.Functional Change
3.Behavioral Change

84. Structural Change Homologous structures -
Have different mature forms but developed from the same ancestors
(embryonic tissues)

85. Adaptation
An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance for survival

86. Patterns of Change
Changes in species are related to environmental change
Short reproductive cycles and many offspring leads to more change
Failure to adapt leads to extinction

87. Facts on Charles Darwin
Studied the Finches on Galapagos islands
Finches developed different beaks based on their habitats (environments)