1. Marine Ecology

2. Ecology What do we mean by ecology? Study of…
the interactions between organisms and their environment.
how these interactions affect the abundance and distribution of populations.

3. Unchecked population growth in dinoflagellates

4. Exponential growth curve

5. Explosions in the population of sea urchins can affect the entire ecosystem.

6. Constant competition for resources.
Ecology
Interactions
Constant competition for resources.
Predation: hunting
Arms Race: For every predator strategy, prey evolve defenses to combat them.
Niche- an organisms’ role in the community; helps reduce completion

8. Carrying capacity
The largest population that can be sustained by available resources.
Limiting resource- a resource whose short supply restricts population growth.
Once the carrying capacity is reached, the population growth levels off.

9. Competition
Competitive exclusion- when one species outcompetes another and eliminates it.

10. Competition  Hermit crabs compete for the best shells for protection.

11. Niche Winner: The Whale Shark
Toothless mouth adapted to strain plankton = less competition with other sharks, better chances of species success

12. Factors that affect organisms
Ecology
Factors that affect organisms
ABIOTIC non-living
BIOTIC  living

13. Symbiotic Relationships: permanent relationships between organisms
Organisms living together
Commensalism- one organisms benefits, the other is ‘indifferent’.
Mutualism- both species benefit.
Parasitism- the host is harmed. Usually does not kill the host.
Ex). barnacles growing whales
+ / 0
+ / +
Ex). coral and zooxanthellae.
+ / -
Ex).tapeworms in the gut of whales

14. One humpback whale can host
almost 1,000 pounds of barnacles!

16. Ecology: Energy Flow

17. Three step food chain in Antarctica

18. Food web- a more complex picture of the trophic structure

19. Trophic levels  feeding levels in a food chain
Ecology & Energy Flow
Trophic levels  feeding levels in a food chain
Top predators (killer whales)
Third level/tertiary consumers
Second level/secondary consumers
First level/primary consumers- eat algae.
Primary producers (phytoplankton, kelp, seaweed)

20. Biomass and energy Organisms pass only 10% of energy on to predator
90% is recycled by decomposers
Less energy at each level = less organisms
# of whales vs. # copepods

21. Food web- a more complex picture of the trophic structure

23. What do you notice about the # calories at the bottom level vs
What do you notice about the # calories at the bottom level vs. the top level?

24. Pyramid, web, or food chain all represent the same basic concept …
IT TAKES A LOT OF ENERGY AND ORGANISMS AT THE BOTTOM TO SUPPORT JUST A LITTLE LIFE AT THE TOP!!!!

25. Measuring primary productivity
Productivity- expressed as the amount of carbon fixed under one square meter of sea surface in a day or a year.
Includes phytoplankton and producers on the ocean floor.
Gross production- total amount produced through photosynthesis.
Net production- what is ‘left over’ for other organisms to eat.

26. Productivity is a measure of the amount of organic compounds produced in the water column.

27. Methods for measuring primary productivity

29. A view of global primary production

30. What happens to the 90% of organic matter lost between levels??
Biomass and Energy
What happens to the 90% of organic matter lost between levels??
Decomposers  bacteria, fungi and others that break down organic matters into CO2, H2O and nutrients
Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
Leftover organic matter excreted as waste
Dissolves in ocean water

31. Cycles of nutrients Reusable …originate in atmosphere or inside earth
Biomass and Energy
Cycles of nutrients
Reusable …originate in atmosphere or inside earth
Human alteration of cycles = profound effect on earth

32. Ecological Zones

33. Ecological Zones of the Ocean Environment [classification by organism]
Benthic (or benthos)
organisms that live on the sea floor.
Ex.- lobsters, sponges, crabs.
Benthic kelp forest

34. Ecological Zones of the Ocean Environment [classification by location]
BENTHIC ZONES
Intertidal
land meets sea (continental shelf)
Area exposed to air by tides
Subtidal
still on the continental shelf.
Never exposed to air
Deep sea floor

35. 3 major groups of marine organisms classified by lifestyle

36. Classifying marine organisms by where they live

37. Classifying marine organisms by where they live

38. Ecological Zones of the Ocean Environment [classification by organism]
Pelagic
live in the water column.
Two types:
1. Nekton- Pelagic free swimmers (fish, sharks, turtles, squid)
2. Plankton- Pelagic the mercy of currents
Phytoplankton = algae and other autotrophs
Zooplankton = heterotrophic plankton (jellyfish!)

39. Ecological Zones of the Ocean Environment
THE PELAGIC ZONES
Neritic – above continental shelf break
Oceanic zone- past the shelf break. Divided into several ‘subzones’.
Epipelagic- … shallow, lots of photosynthesis / 0-200m
Mesopelagic- the ‘twilight zone’’ / m
Deep sea
Together make up the “Photic” ecosystem

41. Figure 10.22

42. BENTHIC

43. Oceanic Zone =
composed of epipelagic
Neritic = water above continental shelf
mesopelagic

44. Locating the zones on the Continental Margin

46. Blue World – Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis in the Sea

47. Uploading instructions and example
Needs to be done when you walk in the door Thursday OR
You will forfeit rubric points for “Materials On- Time” and may forfeit “Group Members On- Task”
[4-9 points of total grade … 5 – 12% of grade]

48. Mr. Ray’s ecological zone song
Mr Ray's song

49. Kelp Bed / Kelp Forest
Kelp Bed

50. Salt Marsh
Salt Marshes

51. Tide Pool
Tide Pool

52. Coral Reef
Coral Reef Ecosystem

53. Hydrothermal Vent
Hydrothermal Vents

54. Photic Zone
Epipelagic zone "Photic" zone

55. Mangrove Forest
Mangroves

56. Invasives

57. Invasive species - 1. What are invasive species?
2. How do they “invade”?
3. Why are they a problem?
4. What can be done about them?

58. What are invasive species?
A species in an ecosystem is considered to be invasive. When…
it is not native (alien) to the ecosystem
causes economic and/or environmental harm
poses a threat to human health.
All types of living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, etc.) can be invasive.

59. How do they invade?
Human activities are the most common means through which alien species are introduced into ecosystems where they do not belong.
Kudzu (imported from East for decoration)
Gypsy Moth (imported from France for silk production)
Medfly (accidental due to fruit smuggling)
Zebra mussels (ballast water on ships)
Giant Salvina (from Brazil … accidentally by boats)

60. Kudzu

61. Gypsy Moth

62. Medfly

63. Zebra Mussel

64. Lionfish

65. Why are they a problem?
Damage native species, change the native community structure, and can create serious economic problems.
Invasive species threaten nearly half of the species currently protected under the Endangered Species Act. A single outbreak of medfly may cost millions of dollars to eradicate.
Approximately 50,000 exotic species already are known to exist in the U.S., and this number is increasing.
The costs of environmental damage, economic losses, and control measures for invasive species average $138 billion per year, more than all other natural disasters combined.

66. What can be done about them?
Prevention, early detection and eradication are key strategies for dealing with invasive species.

67. Blue World Invasive species

68. Resources

69. In your notes:
PBS Ocean Symbiosis

70. Ocean Acidification & Coral Reefs

71. Illustrated Vocabulary – 14 words
Osmosis
Hypertonic
Broadcast spawning
Lipid
Predation
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Benthic
Pelagic
Nekton
Plankton
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton

72. Ecology
Symbiosis and the Ocean activity
PBS ecology

73. Habitats Quiz – use your notes!
1. Is the Kelp Bed/Forest ecosystem considered benthic or pelagic?
2. What is one major abiotic factor that affects the tide pool ecosystem?
3. Is the photic zone considered benthic or pelagic?
4. What is one major abiotic factor affecting deep ocean ecosystems?
5. Would you consider the coral reef ecosystem as occurring a cold water or tropical water environment?

74. Energy WS Complete the entire front.
On the back: Read case of sea otter and use it to answer questions ( you DO NOT need to plot the data).

75. Vocabulary Foldable 2 sheets of paper  one white, one color
Fold like a hotdog
Tuck open end of white sheet into open end of color sheet
Staple the binding
Cut the color one 11 times for 12 flaps
DO NOT CUT THE WHITE PAPER

76. Sharks Reminders: Signed progress reports?
Extra Credit link (also on Wiki for last Thursday)
Test Corrections to Ch.2 and Ch.3 tests due March 27th

77. Ecology
In your warm up notes (with your warm-up if possible), write a metaphor for the three types of symbiosis [Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism]. Then write ONE sentence justifying your analogy.
Ex. Parasitism is a lab group member who copies your work.
Ex. Mutualism is a good Halloween candy trade.

78. Ocean Habitat Project
Groups
Load my Wiki
Ocean Habitat Project.docx

80. Ecology Crowding Temperature Water clarity Salinity Waves Competition
In your notes, make two columns: Abiotic and Biotic.
Categorize the factors below as abiotic or biotic.
Temperature
Salinity
Competition
Oxygen
Solar energy
Tides
Crowding
Water clarity
Waves
Predation
Currents
Availability of mates
Parasitism

81. Ecological Zones Riddles
HW: Write a riddle for each of the following ecological zones:
Intertidal
Subtidal
Neritic
Deep Sea
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
EXAMPLE: I’m the ecological zone that produces lots of food because plenty of sunlight makes photosynthesis easy. Who am I?

82. Pg. 220 Biomass and Energy Carbon cycle
Carbon is backbone of all organic molecules
USE TEXTBOOK TO CREATE CARBON CYCLE IN YOUR NOTES. INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
1. primary producers
2. dissolved CO2
3. detritus
4. DOM
5. atmosphere
6. consumers
7. death
8. photosynthesis
When you are finished, bring your notebook to me to receive credit for this assignment.

83. Agenda Warm-up Quiz Create carbon cycles Finish notes Create riddles
10 minutes to color
Ecology worksheets (finish before you leave)
Extra credit: find and print an internet article about human effect on oceanic ecosystems