1. Control Unit

2. The internal hardware organization of a digital computer is best defined by specifying.
The set of registers it contains and their functions.
The sequence of microoperations performed on the binary information stored.
The control that initiates the sequence of microoperations.

3. Microoperation
The operations on the data in registers are called microoperations.
The functions built into registers are examples of microoperations
Shift, Load, Clear, Increment, …
An elementary operation performed (during one clock pulse), on the information stored in one or more registers

4. Use symbols, rather than words, to specify the sequence of microoperations
Register transfer language:
The symbolic notation used to describe the microoperation transfer among registers
Number of microoperations required to execute an instruction by a processing unit
A register transfer language enables proper expressions for these microoperations

5. Registers
Registers are designated by capital letters, sometimes followed by numbers (e.g., A, R13, IR)
Often the names indicate function:
MAR - memory address register
PC - program counter
IR - instruction register
Registers and their contents can be viewed and represented in various ways
A register can be viewed as a single entity:
Registers may also be represented showing the bits of data they contain
MAR

6. Declare Registers Declare registers A [8], B [8] PC [16]
PCHI [8] = PC[15 – 8]
B [0]  A [8]

7. Register Transfer
Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer
A register transfer is indicated as
R2  R1
In this case the contents of register R1 are copied (loaded) into register R2
A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the destination register R2, during one clock pulse
Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are not altered by copying (loading) them to R2

8. Register Transfer A register transfer such as A  B
Implies that the digital system has
the data lines from the source register B to the destination register A
Parallel load in the destination register A
Control lines to perform the action B 8
Data A E

9. Control Function
Often actions need to only occur if a certain condition is true
This is similar to an “if” statement in a programming language
In digital systems, this is often done via a control signal, called a control function
If the signal is 1, the action takes place
This is represented as:
P: R2  R1
Which means “if P = 1, then load the contents of register R1 into register R2”, i.e., if (P = 1) then (R2  R1)

10. Hardware Implementation of Controlled Transfer
P: R2 R1
Block diagram
Control
Circuit P
Load R2
Clock n R1

11. If A > B and D[0] = 0 then A  B
i.e., C0 : A  B where C0 = G ᴧ D [0]1 B 8
D[0]
A>B
Enable B G A A

12. If x = 0 and t = 1 then A  B else A  D
i.e.,
C0 : A  B
C01 : A  D
Where C0 = x1t and C01=(x1t)1 D B C0 X
MUX t
Vcc A

13. Simultaneous Operations
If two or more operations are to occur simultaneously, they are separated with commas
P: R3  R5, MAR  IR
Here, if the control function P = 1, load the contents of R5 into R3, and at the same time (clock), load the contents of register IR into register MAR

14. Basic Symbols for Register Transfers
Description
Examples
Capital letters & numerals
Denotes a register
MAR, R2
Parentheses ()
Denotes a part of a register
R2(0-7), R2(L)
Arrow 
Denotes transfer of information
R2  R1
Colon :
Denotes termination of control function P:
Comma ,
Separates two micro-operations
A  B, B  A

15. Bus Transfer In RTL
Depending on whether the bus is to be mentioned explicitly or not, register transfer can be indicated as either or
In the former case the bus is implicit, but in the latter, it is explicitly indicated
R2 R1
BUS R1, R2  BUS

16. SUMMARY OF R. TRANSFER MICROOPERATIONS
D  A Transfer content of reg. A into reg. D
A  A +1 Increment the content of A by 1
A  A -1 Decrement the content of A by 1
A Compute the 2’s complement of A
D  A ᴠ B Compute the logical OR of A and B and save the result in D
D  A ᴧ B Compute the logical AND of A and B and save the result in D
LSR (A) Logically shift the contents of the register A one position to the right .
ASR (A) Arithmetically shift the contents of the register A one position to the right .

17. LSL
ASL
ROR
ROL $
ASR(A$Q) ; ,
M  inbus

18. Declare registers A[8], M[8], Q[8]; Declare buses Inbus[8], Outbus[8] Start: A 0, M Inbus; clear A and transfer M Q Inbus ; transfer Q Loop: A A+M, Q  Q – 1; If Q <> 0 then go to Loop; Outbus = A Halt: Go to Halt

19. MBR RWM MAR Unit MBR R: MBR  M ( MAR) W: M ( MAR)  MBR
R (Read Control)
W (write Control)
MBR
R: MBR  M ( MAR)
W: M ( MAR)  MBR

21. R2  R0 + R1

22. R2  R0 + R1

23. R2  R0 + R1