1. Soil

2. What will we be learning about today?

3. Vocabulary
Soil
Topsoil
Parent rock
Bedrock
Humus
Sand
Silt
clay

4. What is soil?
1. Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth.

5. It takes 100 – 1,000 yrs to form 1” of soil.
How is soil created?
1. Exposed rock starts to weather.
2. Broken pieces get broken down further and further
3. Animals & plants loosens the soil and leaves decomposed matter.
It takes 100 – 1,000 yrs to form 1” of soil.

6. How is soil created?
4. Bacteria and fungi grow and produce acids that further break down rock—producing minerals and nutrients for plants.

7. What does soil look like?
Soil Horizons
A Horizon—topsoil
B Horizon—subsoil
C Horizon—Parent rock
D Horizon—Bedrock A B C D
The uppermost layer generally is an organic horizon, or O horizon. It consists of fresh and decaying plant residue from such sources as leaves, needles, twigs, moss, lichens, and other organic material accumulations.
Below the O horizon is the A horizon. The A horizon is mainly mineral material. It is generally darker than the lower horizons because of the varying amounts of humified organic matter. This horizon is where most root activity occurs and is usually the most productive layer of soil. It may be referred to as a surface layer in a soil survey.
Below the A horizon is the B horizon, or subsoil. The B horizon is usually lighter colored, denser, and lower in organic matter than the A horizon. It commonly is the zone where leached materials accumulate.
Still deeper is the C horizon or substratum. The C horizon may consist of less clay, or other less weathered sediments. Partially disintegrated parent material and mineral particles are in this horizon.
The lowest horizon, the R horizon, is bedrock. Bedrock can be within a few inches of the surface or many feet below the surface. Where bedrock is very deep and below normal depths of observation, an R horizon is not described.

8.  A Horizon--- Topsoil Nutrient Rich
Shallow roots of plants pick up nutrients and water.
Small organisms such as insects and worms live here.
Usually dark to light brown
Made up of fine particles of weathered rock & humus 

9.   Subsoil B Horizon Often red or brown
Clay, iron oxides and dissolved minerals washed down from A-Horizon
Deep roots found in this layer  

10.   Parent Rock C Horizon Parent rock material (rock fragments)
Bedrock located directly beneath
D Horizon- Bedrock
Un-weathered rock material  

11. Mystery Soil Lab
Now that you know more… Do the conclusions section of your lab!

12. ? Exit Ticket: What is soil and how does it form?
What are the 4 horizons (layers) of the soil and what are they made of? A B C D ?

13. Stop Here! We will finish tomorrow in class!

14. the foundation for feeding a growing population
Soil:
the foundation for feeding a growing population
Healthy soil is vital for agriculture, forestry, and the functioning of Earth’s natural systems.

15. Without healthy soil, we cannot grow food.
#6.1 Aim:
What is the composition and importance of soil?
Agenda
QOD (10)
Lesson:
Soil (15)
Activity:
Soil Horizons (10)
Summary
Share (5)
HW #18

16. What is the composition and importance of soil?
Composition and quality of a region’s soil has huge influence on ecosystems
… as much as the climate, latitude, and elevation
Not to mention the algae, fungi, and protists!
#6.1 Aim:
What is the composition and importance of soil?
Agenda
QOD (10)
Lesson:
Soil (15)
Activity:
Soil Horizons (10)
Summary
Share (5)
HW #18

17. Effects of Humans on Erosion of Soil
Soil Erosion
Raindrop erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill and gully erosion
Streambank and bed erosion
Wind erosion
This is where it starts. Rain drops act as bombs. They dislodge soil particles and allow for transport.
Sheet erosion is the removal of a layer of exposed soil by the action of raindrop splash and runoff. The water moves in broad sheets over the land and is not confined in concentrated flow paths.
Rill and Gully erosion occurs after runoff flows concentrate into rivulets, cutting into the soil surface.
Streambank and bed erosion occurs with an increase in the volume and velocity of runoff.
Wind erosion may occur on any soil whose surface is dry and unprotected by vegetation.

18. Erosion
Raindrop velocity can vary from 4.6 miles/hr in a light rain to 44.4 miles /hr for a large hailstone in a heavy thundershower.
Does not occur over long lengths of time; it quickly goes to rill and gully erosion.
As runoff flows it concentrates in rivulets, cutting several inches deep into the soil surface. These grooves are called rills. Gullies may develop in un-repaired rills or in other areas where a concentrated flow of water moves over the soil.
Increases in the volume and velocity of runoff may cause erosion of the stream banks and bottom. In urban areas this is a very common problem. In urban development, the runoff is often removed as soon as possible. This causes increases in volume and rate of runoff. As the watershed urbanizes, streambank and bed erosion drastically increase.
In urban areas wind erosion manifests mainly as dust. The main concerns with dust are:
Safety (ex. poor visibility)
Health (ex. respiratory problems)
Nuisance

19. Erosion impacts Erosion from construction sites Surface water quality
Fish and aquatic organisms
Chemical pollutants
Damage to wetlands and aquatic plants

20. Erosion Impacts
Soil erosion from a construction site without proper soil erosion and sediment control practices in place can average between tons/acre/year. This is 10 to 20 times greater than the typical soil losses on agricultural lands.
Nearly 45% of Illinois streams and more than 75% of lake acres assessed have been adversely impacted by non-point source pollutants. Urban runoff and construction site erosion have been identified as significant sources of this pollution.
Sediment deposits destroy fish spawning areas resulting in the loss of sensitive or threatened fish species. Suspended solids cause serious damage to aquatic life. Sediment deposits also adversely impact aquatic macro invertebrates which are at the base of the food chain, reduce channel capacity, and decrease the overall quality of lakes, streams, and wetlands. Suspended solids reduce sunlight penetration needed for aquatic plants, reduce survival rates for fish eggs, interfere with fish feeding habits and clog and damage fish gills which increases risk of infection and disease.
Chemicals such as pesticides, phosphorus, as well as toxicants and trace metals can be transported with sediment to receiving waters where they cause additional damage to aquatic ecosystems.
Sediment deposition of less than .1 inch results in a 60-90% decrease in wetland seed germination from new seedings or from wetland seed banks.
Decreased species diversity.
Increase in undesirable species.