1. Physical Science EOCT Review Domain I

2. Investigating Atoms Atoms have 3 parts:
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Which 2 particles have opposite charges?
protons(+) and electrons (-)

3. Atomic Structure atomic number = number of protons
Silver has 47 protons
atomic mass = number of protons + neutrons
Silver has 61 neutrons
valence electrons = electrons in the outermost energy level

4. Atomic Structure
Looking at the periodic table, answer the following questions:
What element does this atom represent?
How many valence electrons does this atom have?
How many neutrons does this element have according to the periodic table? 1 3

5. The Periodic Table Remember:
The number at the top is the group number.
Valence electrons are the same as the group number for groups 1&2
Valence Electrons are the same for by subtracting 10 from the group number.
Example: Lithium (Li) has 1 valence electron, Carbon has 4.
Valence Electrons for Groups 3-12 will not be on the EOCT!
There are 7 periods-
Each begins with an active metal
and ends with a non-reactive nonmetal
(Noble gas)

6. Isotopes are the same element with different #s of neutrons, the mass is the
average.

7. Can you…. Answer this… Remember….
Metals are on the left of the stair step
Non metals are on the right of the stair step
Noble Gases are to the far right of the table
“C” is correct because it would in a group with
the noble gases (nonmetallic gas)

8. Example problem Answer “D” is correct
because when an atom like Magnesium (Mg) loses 2 electrons it now has two more protons than electrons so it has a +2 charge

9. Metals and Nonmetals Highly Reactive Metals:
Group 1 is the Alkali Metals
Group 2 is the Alkaline Earth Metals
Non-Reactive Nonmetals
Group 18 is the Noble Gases-non reactive
So why is that important?
When they react together metals form positive ions (cations) and nonmetals
form a negative ion (anion) Metals in group 1 lose 1 electron, metals in group 2
lose 2, etc. Nonmetals in groups 15, 16, and 17 gain electron to become ions
with -3, -2, and -1 charges

10. Bonding Ionic Bonding:
has a transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal
Covalent Bonding:
usually occurs with non-metals, they share :“co” means to share

11. Sample Problem “C” is the correct answer
because in covalent bonding they share electrons back and forth between the atoms

12. Radioactivity
Unstable nuclei give off energy in 3 ways:

15. Sample Question Answer “B” is correct Because gamma radiation
Is the most energetic radiation
So it penetrates deepest into body tissue

17. Amount 198Au remaining (g)
Half-Life
Every radioactive element has a distinctive rate of decay.
The formula : t1/2
That is half the time it takes half of the atoms to undergo decay
Sample problem:
How much of a 100.0g sample of 198Au is left after 8.10 days if it’s half-life is 2.70 days?
Answer: 12.5 g
Strategy: Make a chart
T(hr)
Amount 198Au remaining (g)
100.0 g
2.7
50.0 g
5.4
25.0 g
8.1
12.5 g

18. Fission and Fusion Confusion
Why is it important:
Fission provides power for the U.S providing a huge amount of energy with little pollution.
The negative: The wastes are hard to get rid of and the type of pollution is really bad.
Fusion: Like the energy from the sun could be a future energy source with less pollution

19. Sample Problem Answer “A” is correct because…
spent nuclear fuel is still radioactive
and can be hazardous to dispose of and store.

20. Fission and Fusion Equations
21083Bi = ? + 42He
The correct answer is:
“C”
Why? Because in an alpha decay(α), an
alpha particle emission , 2 protons and 2 neutrons
which = He (helium) are released. That leaves you with a mass number that is 4 less than the original and 2 less for the atomic number-when you look it up on the periodic table- it is Thallium # 81!
A At B Bi C Tl D Bi

21. Fission and Fusion Equations
234 Th→234 Pa + 0 e
Use the equation above to help you solve the following equation:
What type of decay will result in the europium-145 isotope? :
195 Eu +   ___  →  195Sm
Answer: ß (Beta ) decay or 0 e -1
If a Europium atom has an average atomic mass of about 152. Since Eu-145 is neutron-poor and as a heavier element, it is more likely to decay by electron capture than by positron emission.

22. Molecular Motion and Phases of Matter
So…. there are 3 things that influence phase changes:
Pressure (P)
Absolute Temperature (T)
Volume (V)
Relationships:
Pressure and Volume (opposites-as one increases the other decreases)
Temperature and Volume (in fixed amounts of pressure, when one increases so does the other)
Volume-Amount Relationship (At a constant pressure and temperature, the volume will increase as the amount of molecules in gases increases

23. What would be the best way to convert a sample of water from a liquid to ice?
Increase pressure B. Increase temperature C. Decrease pressure
D. Apply an electrical field
“B” is the correct answer, but why?

24. Another type of problem with T, V and P
This graph shows the results for
an experiment with Nitrogen gas.
They forgot to label the x and y axis.
Based on your knowledge of temperature,
volume and pressure, what should each
axis be labeled?
Answer: The volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure, meaning
when the volume decreases the pressure
increases
so a possible label could be… Y X
Could there be another answer?
X-axis
Y-axis
pressure
volume