1. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
Ideal – ultimate goal of something – One ideal of the revolution was everyone being equal.
Siege – When an army surrounds and blocks an enemy to try to capture them.
Ratify – to officially approve
WOMEN’S ROLES:
Women were left to take care of daily life – raising children, managing households, farming, filling in for the men
Made blankets, uniforms, shoes, even cannons and guns
Some women joined husbands at the front – even Martha Washington
Betsy Ross – sewed flags; legend says she made the first Stars and Stripes
Mary Ludwig Hays (Molly Pitcher) – brought water for fighters & took her husband’s place firing and loading a cannon when he was wounded
Women still didn’t have equal rights

2. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
Emancipation – freeing slaves
500,000 African Americans lived in colonies
AFRICAN AMERICAN ROLES
At start of war African Americans were not allowed to serve in the Continental Army
British offered freedom to slaves who joined the British cause.
Washington feared this would give the British an advantage; asked Congress to allow Africans to fight for Patriots
All states except South Carolina decided to allow Africans to fight – 5,000 joined up
When navy was founded it always allowed Africans to join. 2,000 fought in naval battles.
Some served as spies for patriots – James Armistead gained information for Lafayette that helped Patriots win at Yorktown
Tough choices for slaves: If they fought for Patriots, Brits might capture and sell them; if they fought for Brits, Patriots might capture and hang them
Many hoped the Revolution would end slavery – Northern states outlawed slavery.

3. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
Iroquois – native group who joined British
FIGHTING IN THE WEST
Both sides wanted natives to be their allies.
Natives had to choose the lesser of two evils.
British gained more native allies by telling them that the Patriots would move west of the Appalachians and take their land
Joseph Brant – Mohawk leader who led Iroquois against Patriots

4. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
VICTORY AT VINCENNES
George Rogers Clark led Patriot forces in Ohio Valley.
Aided by Miami Indians
Tricked British at Fort Vincennes by spreading his fighters out to make their numbers appear greater; British surrendered.

5. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
SPANISH AID
In Southwest New Spain helped
Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Louisiana, gave medicine, supplies, guns and gunpowder to Patriots
Seized British forts along Mississippi
Galveston, Texas, is named after him

6. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
FIGHTING AT SEA
Patriots had no navy at beginning of war; started to build one
British had naval blockade of American ports
Greatest naval battle was between British Serapis and Patriot Bonhomme Richard.
John Paul Jones was in command of Bonhomme Richard. Kept fighting though losing.
When asked to surrender, declared, “I have not yet begun to fight!”
British eventually surrendered. It was our first major naval victory.

7. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
Rural – opposite of city; “the country”
Backcountry – rural area in southern states; on frontier
FIGHTING SOUTH
High percentage of Loyalists in Southern states, especially in Backcountry
British General Clinton planned to use Backcountry Loyalists to gain support
With Loyalist support, Clinton took Savannah, Charleston, and Camden
Patriot morale is low; Washington, “I have almost ceased to hope.”
In Backcountry Patriots and Loyalists attacked each other.
Both sides were brutal – torture, attacks on civilians, and burning homes were common
British attacks became even more brutal; made many Loyalists change sides

8. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
Greene
GREENE AND MORGAN TURN THE TIDE
General Greene took command of Patriot forces in South
Fought Brits only on familiar ground where he had an advantage; kept Brits on the run; wore them out
General Morgan won a Patriot victory at Cowpens
Used clever tactic: divided army into two parts; first part attacked, fired, retreated; second group was hiding in woods and attacked Brits when they chased the retreating Patriots
Greene and Morgan combined forces and attacked British commander Cornwallis at Guilford Courthouse
Patriots retreated, but British had very heavy losses
Cornwallis
Battle of Cowpens
Morgan

9. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
HIT AND RUN
South Carolinian, Francis Marion, led a small militia
Known as Swamp Fox – used guerilla tactics against British
Slept by day and attacked by night
Harassed British troops and wore them down
AN AMERICAN TRAITOR
Benedict Arnold had been a Patriot commander
Angered over not getting credit for his victories and because he needed money, he gave secret plans for West Point to British
Became most famous traitor in American history

10. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
VICTORY AT YORKTOWN
Cornwallis was ordered back to New York
Ignored order and retreated to a peninsula, Yorktown, in Virginia
Hoped to get resupplied by the British Navy
Washington joined forces with French soldiers led by Rochambeau to cut off the British troops
The Americans and French had 16,000 soldiers and laid siege to Cornwallis and his 8,000 men
The French fleet, led by Admiral De Grasse, showed up and surrounded the British completely.
Cornwallis held out for several weeks but finally surrendered.

11. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
THE TREATY OF PARIS
When British prime minister heard of Yorktown surrender he agreed to peace talks.
Congress sent John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and Henry Laurens to Paris to make a peace treaty.
Treaty of Paris ended the war
Britain recognized the USA as an independent state
USA got land north to Canada & Great Lakes and west to Mississippi; southern border extended to Florida, which remained in Spain’s hands
USA agreed to ask state legislatures to pay for losses that Loyalists suffered during the war.
April 15, 1783, Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris

12. Chapter 6-4/6-5 Fighting on Many Fronts & Winning the War in the South
HOW THE USA WON
Help from foreign allies: French provided money, soldiers, navy, training; Spain attacked Brits along Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi, provided weapons and supplies; Holland provided money
Without help from allies, especially France, the United States would very likely not exist
Patriotism/American spirit and Washington’s leadership
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL
General Washington bid farewell to his troops at Fraunce's Tavern, in New York City, December 1783
He planned to retire from public life….