1. Electronic Education Kits
Introduction to Electronics and Breadboarding Circuits
This project is sponsored by INSGC.
1. Add photos of the circuits
2. Show more clearly how energy flows through breadboard
3. Explain connectivity and wires
4. Show the wiring of the breadboards
5. Parts, and wires need to share the same row
6. Explain the LED before wiring, do an LED to battery. Maybe, burn it out to show the problem of no resistor.
7. Explanation of polarity in regards to troubleshooting and debugging.
8. Show in diagrams the part in holes more clearly.

2. What we're going to learn today:
What is an electronic circuit?
What kind of power is needed for these projects?
What are the fundamental principles of electronics?
What are the basic electronic components used in DC analog circuits?
How do these principles combine to make interesting things?
We're going to make some of those things.

3. About parts Symmetric vs Asymmetric Polarized
Physics and chemistry in a tiny package
Explain Data Sheets

4. What is electricity? What kinds are there? What can it do?
What are the dangers?

5. Battery as a power source
A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Some batteries are rechargeable and can do the reverse as well.

6. Batteries as a power source

7. Power source
Can you name other power sources?

8. What is a circuit?
Combination of electronic parts, wires connected between power sources. It's like a physical program. It's also like setting up dominoes in sequence.
A circuit is a closed-loop.
Show example of LED circuit with only wires.

9. What is a breadboard? What are they good for?
Creatings, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.
Literally started out as a bread board with nails.
Find a interactive example. Also, show an old fashioned breadboard example.

10. Electronic Parts Polarized vs non-polarized
Physics and chemistry in a tiny package
Data sheets
On-line tutorials from sparkfun at oncepts

11. What are LEDs?
Light Emitting Diodes Diode Symbol + Arrows for light Points to ground
Explain Anode, and Cathode.

12. Hello World for a Circuit
Light and LED Parts: Battery Resistor LED Why: Power Source An LED will light up when enough voltage is supplied but can also burn out if too much is allowed to pass through. The resistor will limit the voltage to prevent damage. Do: Connect Battery, Resistor, LED

13. LED Circuit 1 LED Plus resistor Why have a resistor?
Current, limiting.

14. Series circuit example

15. Parallel Circuit example

16. Parallel and Series Circuit Example
Find a good explanation or modify the circuit to be more visual.

17. Fundamental Parts Resistor Capacitor Wire Diodes
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Battery
Transistors
Motors
They each have a physical property that interacts with electricity. When put in combination various actions occur.

18. What are resistors?
Resistors provide a specific amount of resistance to a path in a circuit or wire. Ohm's law is used to calculate the properties related to resistance. Ohm's Law: I = V/R I = Current measured in Amps V = Voltage measured in Volts R = Resistance measured in Ohms Resistors are color coded.

19. Resistor Color Code
Resistor Color Code Wheel Calculator

20. Find out the resistor value:
Assuming that from the datasheet, the max current of the LED is 25mA, and the forward voltage is 2.0V.
For max current 25mA,
R = (9-2)/25mA = 280 ohm
Let’s pick R=330 ohm,
I = (9-2)/330 = 21.1mA

21. Variable Resistor - Potentiometer
The variable resistor is simply a control and this is required in many electric circuits. The variable resistor can be used as a light dimmer, volume control, and in many other circuits when you are wanting to change resistance easily and quickly.

22. Variable resistor: The potentiometer
Voltage dividers Try out the different pots.

23. RGB LED
Try resistors out in various combination to make different colors. Experiment by adding potentiometers to the leads.

24. LED and Photoresistor
Photoresistors change their resistance by the amount of light detected.

25. GL55 Photoresistor
The more light it shines on, the smaller resistor value it is.

26. Capacitor
Capacitors move alternating current (AC) signals while prohibiting direct current (DC) signals to pass.
They store electricity and can function as filters to smooth out signals that pulsate.
Capacitors that are small are traditionally used in high- frequency applications such as radios, transmitters, or oscillators.
Larger capacitors ordinarily reserve electricity or act as filters.
The capacitance (capacity for storing electricity) of a capacitor is expressed in a unit known as farad.

27. What are capacitors? Capacitor is two separated charges.
Known charge up time.
Know discharge time.
Two major kinds
Electrolytic, asymmetric, bipolar 
Ceramic, symmetric

28. Diode
Are like one-way streets. They allow the current to ow in only one direction. Your kit contains one silicon diode (marked Si) as well as two germanium diodes (marked Ge).
LED is a special diode.

29. Transistor
The part that makes each transistor work is a tiny chip, which is made of either germanium or silicon.
There are a total of three connections points on each transistor. They are B, which stands for base, C, which stands for collector, and E, which stands for emitter.
Mainly transistors are used to amplify weak signals.
Transistors can also be used as switches to connect or disconnect other components as well as oscillators to permit signals to flow in pulses.

30. Transistors
NPN Transistor 

31. Push Button
The push button is a simple switch you press it and electricity is allowed to flow through the circuit. When you release it, the circuit is not complete because a break is caused in the circuits path. The push button will be used in most circuits often times in signaling circuits (you can send Morse code this way as well as other things).

32. Switch
You know what a switch is you use switches every day. When you slide (or flip) to the proper position, the circuit will be completed, allowing current to ow through. In the other position a break is made, causing the circuit to be off. The switch that we will be using is a double-pole, double throw switch.

33. IC (Integrated Circuit)
The transistor was invented in the 1940s and after that the next big break through in electronics was in the 1960s with the invention integrated circuit or the ICs. The advantage of this that the equivalent of hundreds or even thousands of transistors, diodes and even resistors can be placed into one small package.

34. Op-Amp Oscillator

35. Reading schematics
Store electrical energy in an electric field (static electricity).
Uses include:
Timing circuits
Coupling circuits
Energy storage
Bypass circuits
Filter circuits
Eric Schrader
CC BY-SA 2.0

36. How about this?
Resistor

37. Operational Amplifier
Very popular integrated circuit

38. What’s it for? Just about everything! Depends on how you hook it up
Convert current to voltage
Convert voltage to current
Amplify voltage
Amplify current
Compare voltages

39. This one does NOT have feedback
No connection from output back to input
This will amplify any difference in voltage between the inputs

40. Gain is about a zillion
Suppose Vin is greater than Vref (this would be when the room is dark)
Comparator multiplies difference by a zillion, wants to go to a zillion volts
But, battery is only 9 V, so that’s as high as it can go
Similarly, can’t go lower than 0V

41. Operation: If input higher than ref, output goes to 9V
If input lower than ref, output goes to 0 V
Nothing in between

42. Comparator

43. Positive Feedback

44. Voltage Divider Also called voltage divider Ohm’s Law: V=IR
Same current flows through both resistors

45. Voltage Divider
If R1=R2, then Vout will be half of Vin.

46. Voltage Divider
If R1=R2, then Vout will be half of Vin.

47. Timing Circuit

48. RC Circuit

49. uA 741 opamp IC uA741 is a very popular monolithic opamp IC.
The pin configuration of uA741 is shown here.

50. uA 741 opamp IC The supply voltage of uA741 is from +/-5V to +/-18V.
Pins 1 and 5 are meant for offset error adjustment.
The max power uA741 can dissipate is 500mW.

51. Square wave Generator using uA741
The circuit diagram of a typical square wave oscillator using uA741 is show in the following:

52. Square wave Generator using uA741
The C1 and potentiometer R1 forms the timing part. Resistors R2 and R3 forms a voltage divider network which supplies a fixed fraction of the output voltage into the non- inverting pin of the op-amp as a reference voltage.
Initially the voltage across the capacitor C1 will be zero and the output of the opamp will be high.
As a result the capacitor C1 starts charging to positive voltage through potentiometer R1.
When the C1 is charged to a level so that the voltage at the inverting terminal of the opamp is above the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, the output of the opamp swings to negative.
The capacitor quickly discharges through R1 and then starts charging to negative voltage. When the C1 is charged to a negative voltage so that the voltage at the inverting input more negative than that of the non-inverting pin, the output of the opamp swings back to positive voltage.
Now the capacitor quickly discharges the negative voltage through R1 and starts charging to positive voltage.
This cycle is repeated endlessly and the result will a continuous square wave swinging between +Vcc and -Vcc at the output.

53. The Time Period of the output:
IF R3=R2, then the equation is simplified as:
If R1 = 100K, C1 = 10uF, then T =2.19 Seconds.

54. Square wave Generator using uA741 Schematic with T=2.19 seconds